PMID: 18650913 The Hageman factor activates the kallikrein?kinin cascade, and the main product of this cascade, bradykinin, affects the vasculature, as well as having a potent pro-algesic (pain-stimulating) effect.

PMID: 18650913, 16267105, 10399917 HMGB1 and S100A12 engage the receptor RAGE (advanced glycation end-product-specific receptor; also known as AGER), which (atleast in the case of HMGB1) cooperates with TLRs to induce aninflammatory response.

PMID: 18650913, 15331624 The prime example in this case is HMGB1, which has been shown to be secreted by macrophages stimulated with the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide, apparently in the absence of necrotic cell death, suggesting that the non-canonical caspase-1-dependent secretory pathway might be involved.

PMID: 18650913 A key plasma-derived regulator of inflammation, the Hageman factor (also known as factor XII), becomes activated by contact with collagen and other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM).

PMID: 18650913 Platelets are also activated by contact with collagen and produce various inflammatory mediators, including thromboxanes and serotonin.

PMID: 18650913 Platelets are also activated by contact with collagen and produce various inflammatory mediators, including thromboxanes and serotonin.

PMID: 18650913, 18403674, 16407889 Phagocytosis of these particles triggers the activation of the NALP3 inflammasome and subsequently the production of caspase-1 substrates, including members of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) family.

PMID: 18650913, 18403674, 16407889 Phagocytosis of these particles triggers the activation of the NALP3 inflammasome and subsequently the production of caspase-1 substrates, including members of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) family.

PMID: 18650913, 10399917, 17425919 In addition, AGEs are recognized by their receptor, RAGE, which has inflammatory activity either alone21 or in combination with TLRs.

PMID: 18650913, 3283558 AGEs are products of the non-enzymatic glycation of long-lived proteins, such as collagen.

PMID: 18650913, 3283558 AGEs are products of the non-enzymatic glycation of long-lived proteins, such as collagen.

PMID: 18650913 The Hageman factor activates the kallikrein?kinin cascade, and the main product of this cascade, bradykinin, affects the vasculature, as well as having a potent pro-algesic (pain-stimulating) effect.

PMID: 18650913 After activation by intracellular Ca2+ ions, cytosolic phospholipase A2 generates arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidic acid, the precursors of the two classes of lipid mediator listed above, from phosphatidylcholine.

PMID: 18650913 After activation by intracellular Ca2+ ions, cytosolic phospholipase A2 generates arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidic acid, the precursors of the two classes of lipid mediator listed above, from phosphatidylcholine.

PMID: 18650913 After activation by intracellular Ca2+ ions, cytosolic phospholipase A2 generates arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidic acid, the precursors of the two classes of lipid mediator listed above, from phosphatidylcholine.

PMID: 18650913 Arachidonic acid is metabolized to form eicosanoids either by cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2), which generate prostaglandins and thromboxanes, or by lipoxygenases, which generate leukotrienes and lipoxins.

PMID: 18650913 Arachidonic acid is metabolized to form eicosanoids either by cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2), which generate prostaglandins and thromboxanes, or by lipoxygenases, which generate leukotrienes and lipoxins.

PMID: 18650913 The second class of lipid mediator, platelet-activating factors, are generated by the acetylation of lysophosphatidic acid and activate several processes that occur during the inflammatory response, including recruitment of leukocytes, vasodilation and vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability and platelet activation.

PMID: 18650913 Seventh, several proteolytic enzymes (including elastin, cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases) have diverse roles in inflammation, in part through degrading ECM and basement-membrane proteins.

PMID: 18650913 Seventh, several proteolytic enzymes (including elastin, cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases) have diverse roles in inflammation, in part through degrading ECM and basement-membrane proteins.

PMID: 18650913 Seventh, several proteolytic enzymes (including elastin, cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases) have diverse roles in inflammation, in part through degrading ECM and basement-membrane proteins.

PMID: 18650913 These proteases have important roles in many processes, including host defence, tissue remodelling and leukocyte migration.

PMID: 18650913 The Hageman factor activates the kallikrein?kinin cascade, and the main product of this cascade, bradykinin, affects the vasculature, as well as having a potent pro-algesic (pain-stimulating) effect.

PMID: 18650913 These proteases have important roles in many processes, including host defence, tissue remodelling and leukocyte migration.

PMID: 18650913 These proteases have important roles in many processes, including host defence, tissue remodelling and leukocyte migration.

PMID: 18650913, 11983155 The stress inducible nuclear factor-kappaB pathway inhibits apoptosis by engaging multiple mechanisms.

PMID: 18650913, 16391229, 15145826 The key effectors of apoptosis ¡½ caspase 3, caspase 6 and caspase 7 ¡½ cleave and inactivate PARP (which is involved in DNA repair), thereby blocking PARP-dependent necrosis36 (which results from the depletion of cytosolic NAD, a substrate of PARP.

PMID: 18650913, 16391229, 15145826 The key effectors of apoptosis ¡½ caspase 3, caspase 6 and caspase 7 ¡½ cleave and inactivate PARP (which is involved in DNA repair), thereby blocking PARP-dependent necrosis36 (which results from the depletion of cytosolic NAD, a substrate of PARP.

PMID: 18650913, 16391229, 15145826 The key effectors of apoptosis ¡½ caspase 3, caspase 6 and caspase 7 ¡½ cleave and inactivate PARP (which is involved in DNA repair), thereby blocking PARP-dependent necrosis36 (which results from the depletion of cytosolic NAD, a substrate of PARP.

PMID: 18650913, 16391229, 15145826 The key effectors of apoptosis ¡½ caspase 3, caspase 6 and caspase 7 ¡½ cleave and inactivate PARP (which is involved in DNA repair), thereby blocking PARP-dependent necrosis36 (which results from the depletion of cytosolic NAD, a substrate of PARP.

PMID: 18650913, 16391229, 15145826 The key effectors of apoptosis ¡½ caspase 3, caspase 6 and caspase 7 ¡½ cleave and inactivate PARP (which is involved in DNA repair), thereby blocking PARP-dependent necrosis36 (which results from the depletion of cytosolic NAD, a substrate of PARP.

PMID: 18650913, 16407890 For example, the pore-forming exotoxins produced by Grampositive bacteria are detected by the NALP3 (NACHT-, leucine-richrepeat and pyrin-domain-containing protein) inflammasome, which is sensitive to the efflux of K+ ions that results from pore formation.

PMID: 18650913, 16407890 ATP binds to purino ceptors (including P2X7) at the surface of macrophages, resulting in K+ ion efflux, and can cooperate with other signals to activate the NALP3 inflammasome.

PMID: 18650913, 16407890 ATP binds to purino ceptors (including P2X7) at the surface of macrophages, resulting in K+ ion efflux, and can cooperate with other signals to activate the NALP3 inflammasome.

PMID: 18650913, 16407890 ATP binds to purino ceptors (including P2X7) at the surface of macrophages, resulting in K+ ion efflux, and can cooperate with other signals to activate the NALP3 inflammasome.

PMID: 18650913, 11557989 ATP also activates nociceptors (which are sensory receptors), thereby reporting tissue injury to the nervous system.

PMID: 18650913, 16267105, 10399917 HMGB1 and S100A12 engage the receptor RAGE (advanced glycation end-product-specific receptor; also known as AGER), which (atleast in the case of HMGB1) cooperates with TLRs to induce aninflammatory response.