PMID: 14698033, 12740443 interferon (IFN)-¦Ã and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) repress the expression of PPAR¦Ã.

PMID: 14698033, 10432118, 11726648 13-HODE and 15-HETE can be enzymatically generated by the IL-4 inducible 12/15-lipoxygenase, suggesting that IL-4 can coordinately regulate the expression and activity of PPAR¦Ã.

PMID: 14698033 ligands for PPAR-alpha are leukotriene (LT)B4 and 8(S)-hydroxyecosatetraenoic acid (HETE), whereas 15-deoxy-¦¤12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), 15-HETE and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE) act as ligands for PPAR¦Ã.

PMID: 14698033, 10432118, 11726648 13-HODE and 15-HETE can be enzymatically generated by the IL-4 inducible 12/15-lipoxygenase, suggesting that IL-4 can coordinately regulate the expression and activity of PPAR¦Ã.

PMID: 14698033, 10432118, 11726648 13-HODE and 15-HETE can be enzymatically generated by the IL-4 inducible 12/15-lipoxygenase, suggesting that IL-4 can coordinately regulate the expression and activity of PPAR¦Ã.

PMID: 14698033, 10432118, 11726648 13-HODE and 15-HETE can be enzymatically generated by the IL-4 inducible 12/15-lipoxygenase, suggesting that IL-4 can coordinately regulate the expression and activity of PPAR¦Ã.

PMID: 14698033 IL4 binds to IL4R

PMID: 14698033, 11504730, 9334194 In macrophages, sterol 27-hydrolase (CYP27) is able to modify cholesterol into a naturally occurring ligand for LXRs. PMID: 14698033, 9874807, 14512442, 9013544, 8878485 LXRs are activated by specific oxidized forms of cholesterol (oxysterols)such as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, or by certain intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway such as 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol.

PMID: 14698033, 9874807, 14512442, 9013544, 8878485 LXRs are activated by specific oxidized forms of cholesterol (oxysterols)such as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, or by certain intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway such as 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol. PMID: 14698033, 11504730, 9334194 In macrophages, sterol 27-hydrolase (CYP27) is able to modify cholesterol into a naturally occurring ligand for LXRs.

PMID: 14698033, 11504730, 9334194 In macrophages, sterol 27-hydrolase (CYP27) is able to modify cholesterol into a naturally occurring ligand for LXRs. PMID: 14698033, 9874807, 14512442, 9013544, 8878485 LXRs are activated by specific oxidized forms of cholesterol (oxysterols)such as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, or by certain intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway such as 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol.

PMID: 14698033, 9874807, 14512442, 9013544, 8878485 LXRs are activated by specific oxidized forms of cholesterol (oxysterols)such as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, or by certain intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway such as 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol.

PMID: 14698033 LPS binds to TLRs.

PMID: 14698033, 9874807, 14512442, 9013544, 8878485 LXRs are activated by specific oxidized forms of cholesterol (oxysterols)such as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, or by certain intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway such as 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol.

PMID: 14698033, 9874807, 14512442, 9013544, 8878485 LXRs are activated by specific oxidized forms of cholesterol (oxysterols)such as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, or by certain intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway such as 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol.

PMID: 14698033, 7823959, 7659084 One established mechanism involves direct interaction between GR and negatively regulated transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-¦ÊB.

PMID: 14698033, 7823959, 7659084 One established mechanism involves direct interaction between GR and negatively regulated transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-¦ÊB.

PMID: 14698033, 11726533 VDR also inhibits inflammatory gene expression by downregulating NF-¦ÊB activation or by inducing the expression of both transforming growth factor (TGF)-¦Â and IL-4.

PMID: 14698033, 11726533 VDR also inhibits inflammatory gene expression by downregulating NF-¦ÊB activation or by inducing the expression of both transforming growth factor (TGF)-¦Â and IL-4.

PMID: 14698033, 11726533 VDR also inhibits inflammatory gene expression by downregulating NF-¦ÊB activation or by inducing the expression of both transforming growth factor (TGF)-¦Â and IL-4.

PMID: 14698033, 12970571 PPAR¦Ä represses inflammatory genes including the chemokine monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1¦Â and the metalloproteinase MMP-9 by an unconventional ligand-dependent transcriptional mechanism involving the binding of PPAR¦Ä to transcriptional repressors.

PMID: 14698033, 12970571 PPAR¦Ä represses inflammatory genes including the chemokine monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1¦Â and the metalloproteinase MMP-9 by an unconventional ligand-dependent transcriptional mechanism involving the binding of PPAR¦Ä to transcriptional repressors.

PMID: 14698033, 12970571 PPAR¦Ä represses inflammatory genes including the chemokine monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1¦Â and the metalloproteinase MMP-9 by an unconventional ligand-dependent transcriptional mechanism involving the binding of PPAR¦Ä to transcriptional repressors.

PMID: 14698033 IFN-gamma binds to IFN-gammaR.

PMID: 14698033, 3513311 Like most cells, macrophages take up circulating lipoproteins via the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor.

PMID: 14698033, 9150132 Excess cholesterol inhibits proteolytic activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), which are transcription factors that promote cholesterol and triglyceride biosynthesis and LDL receptor expression.

PMID: 14698033, 9150132 Excess cholesterol inhibits proteolytic activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), which are transcription factors that promote cholesterol and triglyceride biosynthesis and LDL receptor expression.

PMID: 14698033, 9823020 Resident macrophages also secrete molecules that modify extracellular LDL, e.g. by oxidation (oxLDL), converting it into a form that is efficiently recognized by macrophage scavenger receptors, such as CD36.

PMID: 14698033, 10858438, 10968783, 11035776, 10924356 Studies have established the connection between nuclear receptor action and reverse cholesterol transport by demonstrating that LXRs directly regulate ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in human and murine cells, including macrophages.

PMID: 14698033, 10858438, 10968783, 11035776, 10924356 Studies have established the connection between nuclear receptor action and reverse cholesterol transport by demonstrating that LXRs directly regulate ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in human and murine cells, including macrophages.

PMID: 14698033, 10882340 ABCA1 transports intracellular phospholipids and cholesterol to exogenous nascent HDL particles, which contain lipid-poor apolipoprotein (apo) acceptors, such as apoAI.

PMID: 14698033, 10882340 ABCA1 transports intracellular phospholipids and cholesterol to exogenous nascent HDL particles, which contain lipid-poor apolipoprotein (apo) acceptors, such as apoAI.

PMID: 14698033, 11172721, 11135616 PPARalpha and PPAR¦Ã upregulate the expression of ABCA1 and promote cholesterol efflux in human macrophages through a transcriptional cascade mediated by LXR-alpha.

PMID: 14698033, 11172721, 11135616 PPARalpha and PPAR¦Ã upregulate the expression of ABCA1 and promote cholesterol efflux in human macrophages through a transcriptional cascade mediated by LXR-alpha.

PMID: 14698033, 10657851 macrophages express and regulate the enzyme aromatase, which converts serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) into the immunomodulatory estrogens 3¦Â,17¦Â-androstenediol and androstenedione.