Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Signal transduction by the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll-like receptor-4.
Affiliation
Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. palssone@tcd.ie
Abstract
An understanding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal transduction is a key goalin the effort to provide a molecular basis for the lethal effect of LPS duringseptic shock and point the way to novel therapies. Rapid progress in this fieldduring the last 6 years has resulted in the discovery of not only the receptorfor LPS - Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) - but also in a better appreciation of thecomplexity of the signalling pathways activated by LPS. Soon after the discoveryof TLR4, the formation of a receptor complex in response to LPS, consisting ofdimerized TLR4 and MD-2, was described. Intracellular events following theformation of this receptor complex depend on different sets of adapters. Anearly response, which is dependent on MyD88 and MyD88-like adapter (Mal), leadsto the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). A later response to LPSmakes use of TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (TRIF) andTRIF-related adapter molecule (TRAM), and leads to the late activation ofNF-kappaB and IRF3, and to the induction of cytokines, chemokines, and othertranscription factors. As LPS signal transduction is an area of intense researchand rapid progress, this review is intended to sum up our present understandingof the events following LPS binding to TLR4, and we also attempt to create amodel of the signalling pathways activated by LPS.
PMID
15379975
|
Entity
TRAF6
--
MO000000212
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m183
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR001841 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000212 |
--
IRF-3
--
MO000007694
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m977
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008984 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007694 |
--
IRAK-2
--
MO000016566
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1569
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016566 |
--
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
TLR4
--
MO000019394
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m3961
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000019394 |
--
Tollip
--
MO000019406
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m3973
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000008 |
TRANSPATH | MO000019406 |
--
LPS:LBP:CD14
--
MO000021929
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m6255
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000021929 |
--
TIRAP
--
MO000022528
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m6810
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000022528 |
--
IRAK-4
--
MO000039077
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m17258
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000039077 |
--
TRIF
--
MO000041125
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m18998
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041125 |
--
TRAM
--
MO000041132
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19005
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041132 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
TAK1:TAB1
--
e10
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2
--
e11
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:(TLR4:MD2)2
--
e12
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
LTA:TLR4
--
e14
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
fibronectin
--
e15
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
fibronectin:TLR4
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
diterpene:TLR4
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:MYD88
--
e19
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:MYD88:TIRAP
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
(TIRAP)2
--
e21
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
MYD88:TIRAP
--
e22
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1
--
e23
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:MYD88:MAL:IRAK1:IRAK2
--
e24
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1R:IL-1RAcP
--
e25
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
IL1:IL1R:IL1RAcP
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
IL1:IL1R:MYD88
--
e27
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
IL1:IL1R:MYD88:IRAK1:IRAK2
--
e28
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1:IRAK2:IRAKM
--
e29
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK4:IRAK1:TRAF6
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1{p}
--
e31
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK4:MYd88
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:MYD88:MAL:IRAK4
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:MYD88:MAL:IRAK1:IRAK4
--
e34
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:MYD88:MAL:IRAK1{p}:IRAK4
--
e35
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1{p}:IRAK4
--
e36
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:MYD88:MAL
--
e37
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
TAK1:TAB1{active}
--
e38
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB:IkappaB
--
e39
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB:IkappaB{p}
--
e40
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB:IkappaB{p}{ub}
--
e41
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
protein remnants
--
e42
cso30:c:EntityBiological
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
NFkappaB{active}
--
e43
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3{active}
--
e47
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008984 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007694 |
--
IFN-beta
--
e48
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:TRAM
--
e49
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:MD2
--
e5
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4:MD2
--
e6
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:TRAM:TRIF
--
e64
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
TRAM:IRF3
--
e65
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MD2:TRAM:TRIF:TRAF6
--
e67
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
IL1:IL!R:MYD88:IRAK1:IRAK2:Tollip
--
e73
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
IL1:IL!R:MYD88:IRAK1{p}:IRAK2:Tollip
--
e74
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
0
infinite
0
--
PKR
--
e75
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
0
infinite
0
--
TIRAP:PKR
--
e76
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4:Btk
--
e77
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m79
0
infinite
0
--
Btk:MYD88:IRAK1:MAL
--
e78
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m80
0
infinite
0
--
protein remnants
--
e79
cso30:c:EntityBiological
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m81
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1{p}:IRAK4:TRAF6
--
e8
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
e80
--
e80
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m82
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1{p}:IRAK4:TRAF6:TAb2
--
e9
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m3985*m155666*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Circulating LBP recognizes LPS in the plasma and brings it to CD14.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
m12*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 MyD88 was initially shown to associate with the Type I IL-1R (IL-1RI) through its TIR domain, which subsequently also was shown to occur for TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
m19*m6810*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 LPS binds, with the help of CD14, to MD-2 and TLR4. This induces homodimerization of TLR4, which in turn recruits MyD88 and Mal to the receptor complex.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m6810*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Mal has been shown to form homodimers and also to heterodimerize with MyD88.
p13
p13
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
m1572*m6810*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Mal has been shown to form homodimers and also to heterodimerize with MyD88.
p14
p14
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
m20*m23*m1569*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 This appears to be true also for the TLR4/MyD88/Mal complex.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
m185*m25*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 After forming a complex with IL-1R/IL-1RAcP, MyD88 associates with IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 and IRAK-2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
m26*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 After forming a complex with IL-1R/IL-1RAcP, MyD88 associates with IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 and IRAK-2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
m27*m23*m1569*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 After forming a complex with IL-1R/IL-1RAcP, MyD88 associates with IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 and IRAK-2.
p18
p18
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
m23*m1569*m1571*0.1
nodelay
--
0
p19
p19
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
m17258*m183*m23*m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 IRAK4 has been shown to interact with both IRAK-1 and TNF-receptor associated factor (TRAF)-6 in response to IL-1.
p2
p2
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m6254*m2828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 The role of LBP appears to be that of aiding LPS to dock at the LPS receptor complex by initially binding LPS and then forming a ternary complex with CD14.
p20
p20
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m23*m17258*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 IRAK-4 can phosphorylate IRAK-1.
p21
p21
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
m1572*m17258*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Co-immunoprecipitation studies have shown how only kinase-inactive IRAK-4 was able to interact with MyD88.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
m20*m17258*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 A simplified model of the activation of NF-¦ÊB starts by association of IRAK-1 and IRAK-4 with the receptor complex.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
m33*m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 A simplified model of the activation of NF-¦ÊB starts by association of IRAK-1 and IRAK-4 with the receptor complex.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
m34*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 8837778 Autophosphorylation of IRAK-1 occurs in two substeps, giving rise to hyperphosphorylated IRAK-1, which causes dissociation from the receptor complex and association of IRAK with TRAF6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 8837778 Autophosphorylation of IRAK-1 occurs in two substeps, giving rise to hyperphosphorylated IRAK-1, which causes dissociation from the receptor complex and association of IRAK with TRAF6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m183*m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 8837778 Autophosphorylation of IRAK-1 occurs in two substeps, giving rise to hyperphosphorylated IRAK-1, which causes dissociation from the receptor complex and association of IRAK with TRAF6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
m8*m6433*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 10094049, 9079627, 8533096 TRAF6 then becomes activated and associated with TAB-2, which activates the MAPK kinase TAK1 (transforming growth factor-¦Â-activated kinase), which is constitutively associated with its adapter protein, TAB1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
m10*m9*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 10094049, 9079627, 8533096 TRAF6 then becomes activated and associated with TAB-2, which activates the MAPK kinase TAK1 (transforming growth factor-¦Â-activated kinase), which is constitutively associated with its adapter protein, TAB1.
p29
p29
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
m181*m182*m1593*m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 The activation of NF-¦ÊB starts by the assembly of a high-molecular-weight protein complex known as the signalosome. This complex is made up of inhibitory-binding protein ¦ÊB kinase (IKK)¦Á and IKK¦Â, together with a scaffolding protein named IKK¦Ã (also known as NEMO). PMID: 15379975 Subsequent events leading to the activation of NF-¦ÊB may be presumed to follow the model described above, involving the activation of components of the signalosome, followed by the ubiquitination and degradation of I¦ÊB, leading to translocation of NF-¦ÊB to the nucleus.
p3
p3
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m6438*m155666*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 12960171 LPS does indeed bind to MD-2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
m39*m207*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Subsequent phosphorylation of a set of inhibitory-binding proteins ¦ÊB (I¦ÊB) results in their ubiquitination and degradation, releasing NF-¦ÊB which can then translocate into the nucleus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Subsequent phosphorylation of a set of inhibitory-binding proteins ¦ÊB (I¦ÊB) results in their ubiquitination and degradation, releasing NF-¦ÊB which can then translocate into the nucleus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Subsequent phosphorylation of a set of inhibitory-binding proteins ¦ÊB (I¦ÊB) results in their ubiquitination and degradation, releasing NF-¦ÊB which can then translocate into the nucleus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
m43*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Subsequent phosphorylation of a set of inhibitory-binding proteins ¦ÊB (I¦ÊB) results in their ubiquitination and degradation, releasing NF-¦ÊB which can then translocate into the nucleus.
p34
p34
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
m45*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Apart from activating NF-¦ÊB, p38 and JNK MAPK, the early MyD88-dependent response to LPS also induces an early activation of IRF3 and induction of IFN-¦Â.
p35
p35
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
m47*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Apart from activating NF-¦ÊB, p38 and JNK MAPK, the early MyD88-dependent response to LPS also induces an early activation of IRF3 and induction of IFN-¦Â.
p36
p36
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
m977*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Apart from activating NF-¦ÊB, p38 and JNK MAPK, the early MyD88-dependent response to LPS also induces an early activation of IRF3 and induction of IFN-¦Â.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Apart from activating NF-¦ÊB, p38 and JNK MAPK, the early MyD88-dependent response to LPS also induces an early activation of IRF3 and induction of IFN-¦Â.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
m93217*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Apart from activating NF-¦ÊB, p38 and JNK MAPK, the early MyD88-dependent response to LPS also induces an early activation of IRF3 and induction of IFN-¦Â.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
m12*m19005*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 14517278, 14519765 A candidate adapter for bridging TRIF with TLR4 was identified independently by two different groups.his adapter was given the names TRAM and TICAM-2.
p4
p4
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m6438*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 LPS does indeed bind to MD-2, which in turn associates with TLR4 via the extracellular leucine-rich repeats of TLR4, thus inducing TLR4 aggregation and signal transduction.
p40
p40
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
m65*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 TRIF was shown to activate NF-¦ÊB when over-expressed, although not as potently as the activation of NF-¦ÊB by MyD88 and Mal. PMID: 15379975 Studies have subsequently shown Tollip to block activation of NF-¦ÊB in response to TLR4, suggesting a negative regulatory role for Tollip in TLR4 signalling.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 TRIF was a more potent inducer of IFN-¦Â than MyD88 or Mal.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
m93217*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 TRIF was a more potent inducer of IFN-¦Â than MyD88 or Mal.
p43
p43
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
m977*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 TRIF was shown to play a critical role in the activation of IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
m18998*m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 12447441 The next adapter to be identified was given the name of TRIF. PMID: 15379975 TRAM structurally resembles Mal and appears to have no signalling role other than acting as a bridge between TLR4 and TRIF.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
m977*m19005*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 14517278 TRAM was also shown to co-immunoprecipitate with IRF3.
p46
p46
cso30:i:ME_Translocation
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
m49*m19005*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 overexpression of TRAM, together with TRIF, caused IRF3 to translocate to the nucleus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
m183*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 14530355 The model for delayed MyD88-independent activation of NF-¦ÊB involves TRIF binding to TRAF6 via several N-terminal TRAF6-binding domains on TRIF.
p48
p48
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
m3902*m70*m18998*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 12692549 IKK¦Å, as well as TANK-binding protein (TBK)-1, act as IRF3 kinases, and TBK-1 and IKK¦Å have been shown to bind to TRIF, which has led to the proposed model of a complex of TRIF, TBK-1, IKK¦Å and IRF3, leading to phosphorylation and activation of IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
m71*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 12692549 IKK¦Å, as well as TANK-binding protein (TBK)-1, act as IRF3 kinases, and TBK-1 and IKK¦Å have been shown to bind to TRIF, which has led to the proposed model of a complex of TRIF, TBK-1, IKK¦Å and IRF3, leading to phosphorylation and activation of IRF3.
p5
p5
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
m6*m6255*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 LPS does indeed bind to MD-2, which in turn associates with TLR4 via the extracellular leucine-rich repeats of TLR4, thus inducing TLR4 aggregation and signal transduction.
p50
p50
cso30:i:ME_DNABinding
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
stoichiometry:c155 : 1
m73*m166*m68*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 p65 is required for the activation of the ISRE and was also shown to occur in the ISRE-binding complex together with IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
m3973*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 This protein was shown to reside in a complex with IRAK, and was recruited to the IL-1R complex together with IRAK in response to IL-1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
m75*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
m76*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Association with MyD88 then triggers autophosphorylation of IRAK, following which Tollip dissociates from IRAK.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c165 : 1
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
m6810*m77*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 11526399 Another contender for the MyD88-independent branch of signalling pathways induced by LPS is dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), which has been shown to associate with Mal.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
stoichiometry:c169 : 1
stoichiometry:c170 : 1
m367*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Apart from being able to bind directly to TLR4, co-immunoprecipitation studies have also shown an interaction between Btk and MyD88, Mal and IRAK-1, although not with TRAF6.
p56
p56
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c172 : 1
stoichiometry:c171 : 1
stoichiometry:c173 : 1
stoichiometry:c174 : 1
stoichiometry:c175 : 1
m6810*m367*m1572*m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 Apart from being able to bind directly to TLR4, co-immunoprecipitation studies have also shown an interaction between Btk and MyD88, Mal and IRAK-1, although not with TRAF6.
p57
p57
cso30:i:ME_Ubiquitination
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c176 : 1
stoichiometry:c180 : 1
stoichiometry:c177 : 1
m3961*m36851*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 15107846 Traid3 has been identified as a ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinylates TLR4, leading to its down-regulation and degradation.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c178 : 1
stoichiometry:c179 : 1
m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 15107846 Traid3 has been identified as a ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinylates TLR4, leading to its down-regulation and degradation.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975 In addition to causing MD-2/TLR4 to homodimerize, LPS also causes several other combinations of signalling proteins to become associated with the receptor complex.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
m13*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15379975, 9851930, 10201887, 11150311, 11062499, 10644670 TLR4 also recognizes lipoteichoic acid (LTA), fibronectin, the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and taxol, a plant diterpene structurally unrelated to LPS but exhibiting LPS-mimetic effects on murine cells.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
m15*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
MID: 15379975, 9851930, 10201887, 11150311, 11062499, 10644670 TLR4 also recognizes lipoteichoic acid (LTA), fibronectin, the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and taxol, a plant diterpene structurally unrelated to LPS but exhibiting LPS-mimetic effects on murine cells.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
m17*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
MID: 15379975, 9851930, 10201887, 11150311, 11062499, 10644670 TLR4 also recognizes lipoteichoic acid (LTA), fibronectin, the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and taxol, a plant diterpene structurally unrelated to LPS but exhibiting LPS-mimetic effects on murine cells.
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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1,
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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0
1,
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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1,
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
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--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--