Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Heterogeneity of TLR-induced responses in dendritic cells: from innate toadaptive immunity.
Affiliation
Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston,MA 02115, USA. fre@utmem.edu
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate recognition of several microbial products.Accumulating evidence indicates that TLR are capable of inducing distinctresponses in dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells, and can directT-helper cell differentiation in opposing directions. The generation of suchvaried responses is achieved through the selective utilization of adaptormolecules that link TLR to distinct signal transduction pathways. The ability ofTLR to activate and guide innate and adaptive immunity has the potential to beexploited for practical application that may lead to the development of moresuccessful immunotherapies and vaccination strategies. A review of recentliterature, unpublished observations, and future challenges is presented here.
PMID
15481153
|
Entity
Process
IL-12 p40
--
G010657
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m93589
10
infinite
0
TRANSFAC | G010657 |
--
csml-variable:Double
m93612
10
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
MAPKs
--
MO000000077
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000077 |
--
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
IFNgamma
--
MO000016665
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1639
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR002069 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016665 |
--
CD40
--
MO000016922
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1837
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR006209 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016922 |
--
CD86
--
MO000017270
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m2126
10
infinite
0
--
TLR4
--
MO000019394
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m3961
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000019394 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3:TRIF
--
MO000041437
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19305
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041437 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3:TRIF:TBK1:IKK-i
--
MO000041441
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19309
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041441 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3
--
MO000041446
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19314
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041446 |
--
CD83
--
MO000066711
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m41568
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000066711 |
--
HLA-DRA
--
MO000090613
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m64140
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000090613 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-7
--
e100
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m102
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-9
--
e101
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m103
0
infinite
0
--
PKR
--
e102
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m104
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-beta
--
e103
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m105
0
infinite
0
--
MCP-5
--
e104
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m106
0
infinite
0
--
i-NOS
--
e105
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m107
0
infinite
0
--
T-bet
--
e106
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m108
0
infinite
0
--
IL-5
--
e107
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m109
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-alpha
--
e108
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m110
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-alpha
--
e109
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m111
0
infinite
0
--
--
e11
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
PI3K
--
e110
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m112
0
infinite
0
--
CD86
--
e111
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m113
0
infinite
0
--
CD83
--
e112
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m114
0
infinite
0
--
HLA-DRA
--
e113
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m115
0
infinite
0
--
PI3K{activated}
--
e114
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m116
0
infinite
0
--
caspase-1
--
e115
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m117
0
infinite
0
--
caspase-1{activated}
--
e116
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m118
0
infinite
0
--
i-NOS
--
e117
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m119
0
infinite
0
--
TLR1: TLR2
--
e12
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
TLR2: TLR6
--
e13
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: TLR4
--
e14
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
ligand
--
e15
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
ligand: TLRs
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: TLR4: MyD88
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
ligand: TLR: MyD88
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
ligand: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-1: IRAK-4
--
e19
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: TLR4: MyD88: IRAK-1: IRAK-4
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
Lp: TLR2: TLR6
--
e21
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
PGN: TLR1: TLR2
--
e22
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
zymosan: TLR1: TLR2
--
e23
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
zymosan
--
e24
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
lipoarabinomanan
--
e25
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
lipoarabinomanan: TLR1: TLR2
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
protein F: TLR4
--
e28
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
surfactant protein A
--
e29
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
surfactant protein A: TLR4
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
fibronectin fragments
--
e31
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
fibronectin fragments: TLR4
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
flagellin: TLR5
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA
--
e34
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR7
--
e35
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR8
--
e36
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
imidazoquinoline
--
e37
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
imidazoquinoline: TLR7
--
e38
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
imidazoquinoline: TLR9
--
e39
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9
--
e41
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
uropathogenic bacterial ligand
--
e42
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
uropathogenic bacterial ligand: TLR11
--
e43
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
ligand: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-1: IRAK-4: TRAF6
--
e44
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB{activated}
--
e45
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
MAPKs{activated}
--
e46
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000077 |
--
p38
--
e47
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
p38{activated}
--
e48
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
JNK
--
e49
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
--
e5
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
--
e6
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
JNK{activated}
--
e63
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
ERK1
--
e64
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
ERK1{activated}
--
e65
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
ERK2
--
e66
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
ERK2{activated}
--
e67
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: TLR4: MAL
--
e68
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
MAL
--
e69
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
Lp: TLR2: TLR6: MAL
--
e70
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
Lp: TLR2: TLR6: MAL: MyD88
--
e71
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
TRAM
--
e72
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: TLR4: TRAM
--
e73
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: TLR4: TRAM: TRIF
--
e74
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
0
infinite
0
--
TBK1: IKK-i
--
e75
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3
--
e76
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3[activated}
--
e77
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m79
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-beta
--
e78
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m80
0
infinite
0
--
IP-10
--
e79
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m81
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 agonist: TLR4
--
e80
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m82
0
infinite
0
--
TLR2 agonist: TLR2
--
e81
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m83
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12p70
--
e82
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m84
0
infinite
0
--
IL-15
--
e83
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m85
0
infinite
0
--
IL-8
--
e84
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m86
0
infinite
0
--
IL-10
--
e85
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m87
0
infinite
0
--
IL-23p19
--
e86
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m88
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12p70
--
e87
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m89
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12p40
--
e88
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m90
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12p40: IL-12p40
--
e89
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m91
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12R
--
e90
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m92
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12p40: IL-12p40: IL-12R
--
e91
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m93
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12p19
--
e92
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m94
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12p40: IL-12p19
--
e93
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m95
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12p35
--
e94
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m96
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma{extracellular}
--
e95
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m97
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR002069 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016665 |
--
IP-10
--
e96
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m98
0
infinite
0
--
IL-15
--
e97
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m99
0
infinite
0
--
IFIT1
--
e98
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m100
0
infinite
0
--
ISG-15
--
e99
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m101
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m3961*m155666*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR4 is a receptor for Gram- LPS, Respiratory syncytial virus protein F, and other endogenous ligands, such as surfactant protein A and fibronectin fragment.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
m25*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR2, in combination with either TLR1 or TLR6, recognizes several products including peptidoglycan, bacterial lipopeptides, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, and yeast zymosan.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c260 : 1
stoichiometry:c262 : 1
stoichiometry:c261 : 1
m117*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The fact that different TLR can induce such an array of responses suggest that they possess the ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways, which include the MAP kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ERK1/2, the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3, the PI3 kinase, and caspase-1.
p11
p11
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m19314*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12539043, 12855817, 12692549 This pathway relies on a third adaptor called TRIF/TICAM (Oshiumi et al., 2003; Yamamoto et al., 2003a) that links TLR3 and TLR4 to the kinase complex IKKepsilon/TBK1, which in turn activates the transcription factor IRF3.
p12
p12
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
m12*m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR2, in combination with either TLR1 or TLR6, recognizes several products including peptidoglycan, bacterial lipopeptides, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, and yeast zymosan.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
m3961*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR4 is a receptor for Gram- LPS, Respiratory syncytial virus protein F, and other endogenous ligands, such as surfactant protein A and fibronectin fragment.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
m3961*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR4 is a receptor for Gram- LPS, Respiratory syncytial virus protein F, and other endogenous ligands, such as surfactant protein A and fibronectin fragment.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
m32*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR4 is a receptor for Gram- LPS, Respiratory syncytial virus protein F, and other endogenous ligands, such as surfactant protein A and fibronectin fragment.
p16
p16
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
m3966*m6485*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR5 recognizes bacterial flagellin.
p17
p17
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
m35*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR7 and TLR8 are receptors for ssRNA found in endosomal compartments and antiviral imidazoquinoline drugs that are structural mimetics of ssRNA.
p18
p18
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
m19823*m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR7 and TLR8 are receptors for ssRNA found in endosomal compartments and antiviral imidazoquinoline drugs that are structural mimetics of ssRNA.
p19
p19
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
m38*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR7 and TLR8 are receptors for ssRNA found in endosomal compartments and antiviral imidazoquinoline drugs that are structural mimetics of ssRNA.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
m3962*m15*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 14620134, 12960260 TLR belong to a family of PRR that are used to recognize microbial products derived from several classes of microbes, as well as endogenous ligands that represent ¡Æ¡Ædanger signal¡Ç¡Ç.
p20
p20
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
m38*m19823*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR7 and TLR8 are receptors for ssRNA found in endosomal compartments and antiviral imidazoquinoline drugs that are structural mimetics of ssRNA.
p21
p21
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m19828*m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR9 mediates responses to bacterial CpG DNA.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
m43*m19944*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 15001781 TLR11 mediates response to uropathogenic bacteria, although the nature of the agonist has not been identified.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
m20*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 This molecule links all TLR, with the possible exception of TLR3, to the complex IRAK1/4- TRAF6, which then leads to the activation of canonical NF-kappaB and MAPKs.
p24
p24
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m19*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 This molecule links all TLR, with the possible exception of TLR3, to the complex IRAK1/4- TRAF6, which then leads to the activation of canonical NF-kappaB and MAPKs.
p25
p25
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
m69*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 This molecule links all TLR, with the possible exception of TLR3, to the complex IRAK1/4- TRAF6, which then leads to the activation of canonical NF-kappaB and MAPKs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
m48*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The fact that different TLR can induce such an array of responses suggest that they possess the ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways, which include the MAP kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ERK1/2, the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3, the PI3 kinase, and caspase-1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
m63*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The fact that different TLR can induce such an array of responses suggest that they possess the ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways, which include the MAP kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ERK1/2, the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3, the PI3 kinase, and caspase-1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
m65*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The fact that different TLR can induce such an array of responses suggest that they possess the ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways, which include the MAP kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ERK1/2, the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3, the PI3 kinase, and caspase-1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
m67*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The fact that different TLR can induce such an array of responses suggest that they possess the ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways, which include the MAP kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ERK1/2, the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3, the PI3 kinase, and caspase-1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
m1572*m70*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
m71*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 11544529, 11526399 The activation of this pathway by TLR2 and TLR4 is dependent on an additional TIR-containing adaptor called TIRAP/MALthat works in conjunction with MyD88.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
m71*m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 11544529, 11526399 The activation of this pathway by TLR2 and TLR4 is dependent on an additional TIR-containing adaptor called TIRAP/MALthat works in conjunction with MyD88.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
m72*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 11544529, 11526399 The activation of this pathway by TLR2 and TLR4 is dependent on an additional TIR-containing adaptor called TIRAP/MALthat works in conjunction with MyD88.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
m74*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 14556004 TRAM, the most recently characterized TIR-containing adaptor, also appears to be required for both MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent responses induced by TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
m18998*m75*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12539043, 12855817, 12692549 This pathway relies on a third adaptor called TRIF/TICAM (Oshiumi et al., 2003; Yamamoto et al., 2003a) that links TLR3 and TLR4 to the kinase complex IKKepsilon/TBK1, which in turn activates the transcription factor IRF3.
p35
p35
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m19305*m77*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12539043, 12855817, 12692549 This pathway relies on a third adaptor called TRIF/TICAM (Oshiumi et al., 2003; Yamamoto et al., 2003a) that links TLR3 and TLR4 to the kinase complex IKKepsilon/TBK1, which in turn activates the transcription factor IRF3.
p36
p36
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
m78*m19309*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12539043, 12855817, 12692549 This pathway relies on a third adaptor called TRIF/TICAM (Oshiumi et al., 2003; Yamamoto et al., 2003a) that links TLR3 and TLR4 to the kinase complex IKKepsilon/TBK1, which in turn activates the transcription factor IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
m79*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12354379, 11698465 IRF3 is responsible for the induction of a group of genes specific for TLR3/4 stimulation, such as IFN-beta and IP-10. PMID: 15481153 For example, in human DC TLR3 is able to induce IP-10 and IL-15 to similar levels as TLR4, yet it induces IFN-beta only very weakly.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c229 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
m79*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12354379, 11698465 IRF3 is responsible for the induction of a group of genes specific for TLR3/4 stimulation, such as IFN-beta and IP-10. PMID: 15481153 Thus, while TLR2 activation is unable to induce Th1-specific factors (IP-10, IFN-beta, IL-12, and IL-15), it is at the same time capable of blocking the induction of some of them (IL-12 and IP-10) by TLR4 and TLR3. PMID: 15481153 For example, in human DC TLR3 is able to induce IP-10 and IL-15 to similar levels as TLR4, yet it induces IFN-beta only very weakly.
p39
p39
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
m69*m19309*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Furthermore, TRIF is capable of leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs, and appears to be the only adaptor used by TLR3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m1572*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR also contain a highly conserved cytoplasmic Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain that, through the adaptor molecule MyD88, connects the receptor to the intracellular signaling machinery shared by IL-1 and IL-18.
p40
p40
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
m19*m19309*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Furthermore, TRIF is capable of leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs, and appears to be the only adaptor used by TLR3.
p41
p41
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
m76*m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Furthermore, TRIF is capable of leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs, and appears to be the only adaptor used by TLR3.
p42
p42
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
m76*m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Furthermore, TRIF is capable of leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs, and appears to be the only adaptor used by TLR3.
PMID: 15481153 TLR signaling initiates DC maturation, a differentiation process in which the antigen is captured and processed into peptides that are then presented in the context of MHC class II molecules.
PMID: 15481153 Various TLR agonists activate mast cells, eosinophil, neutrophils, B cells, endothelial cells, and several types of epithelia, and regulate proliferation and apoptosis of different cell types.
PMID: 15481153 Various TLR agonists activate mast cells, eosinophil, neutrophils, B cells, endothelial cells, and several types of epithelia, and regulate proliferation and apoptosis of different cell types.
p46
p46
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
m69*m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 NF-kappaB and MAPK family members were activated to the same extent and with similar kinetics by both TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in the DC.
p47
p47
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
m19*m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 NF-kappaB and MAPK family members were activated to the same extent and with similar kinetics by both TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in the DC.
p48
p48
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
m69*m83*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 NF-kappaB and MAPK family members were activated to the same extent and with similar kinetics by both TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in the DC.
p49
p49
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
m19*m83*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 NF-kappaB and MAPK family members were activated to the same extent and with similar kinetics by both TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in the DC.
p5
p5
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m3965*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR3 mediates responses to viral dsRNA.
p50
p50
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
stoichiometry:c247 : 1
m83*m93612*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR2 and TLR4 agonists were also equally capable of inducing DC maturation as measured by the up-regulation of several cell surface markers such as CD40, CD86, HLA-DR, and CD83.
p51
p51
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
stoichiometry:c240 : 1
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
m93612*m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR2 and TLR4 agonists were also equally capable of inducing DC maturation as measured by the up-regulation of several cell surface markers such as CD40, CD86, HLA-DR, and CD83.
p52
p52
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
stoichiometry:c248 : 1
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
m113*m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR2 and TLR4 agonists were also equally capable of inducing DC maturation as measured by the up-regulation of several cell surface markers such as CD40, CD86, HLA-DR, and CD83.
p53
p53
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
stoichiometry:c249 : 1
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
m113*m83*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
stoichiometry:c250 : 1
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
m82*m114*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
stoichiometry:c251 : 1
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
m83*m114*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
stoichiometry:c252 : 1
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
m82*m115*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
p57
p57
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c155 : 1
stoichiometry:c253 : 1
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
m83*m115*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
p58
p58
cso30:i:CE_CellDifferentiation
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
m1837*m2126*m41568*m64140*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR2 and TLR4 agonists were also equally capable of inducing DC maturation as measured by the up-regulation of several cell surface markers such as CD40, CD86, HLA-DR, and CD83.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Among the several cytokines and chemokines that were analyzed, IL-12p70, IP-10, IFNb, and IL-15 expression was exclusively induced by the TLR4 agonist LPS and not by TLR2 agonists. PMID: 15481153 IFN-beta, IFIT1, and ISG15 belong to the primary response group.
p6
p6
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m17258*m184*m18*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 This molecule links all TLR, with the possible exception of TLR3, to the complex IRAK1/4- TRAF6, which then leads to the activation of canonical NF-kappaB and MAPKs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
stoichiometry:c230 : 1
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Among the several cytokines and chemokines that were analyzed, IL-12p70, IP-10, IFNb, and IL-15 expression was exclusively induced by the TLR4 agonist LPS and not by TLR2 agonists. PMID: 15481153, 15001781 IP-10 also appears to be part of this group, although it has been suggested otherwise. PMID: 15481153 Thus, while TLR2 activation is unable to induce Th1-specific factors (IP-10, IFN-beta, IL-12, and IL-15), it is at the same time capable of blocking the induction of some of them (IL-12 and IP-10) by TLR4 and TLR3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c165 : 1
stoichiometry:c231 : 1
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Among the several cytokines and chemokines that were analyzed, IL-12p70, IP-10, IFNb, and IL-15 expression was exclusively induced by the TLR4 agonist LPS and not by TLR2 agonists. PMID: 15481153 Thus, while TLR2 activation is unable to induce Th1-specific factors (IP-10, IFN-beta, IL-12, and IL-15), it is at the same time capable of blocking the induction of some of them (IL-12 and IP-10) by TLR4 and TLR3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Among the several cytokines and chemokines that were analyzed, IL-12p70, IP-10, IFN-beta, and IL-15 expression was exclusively induced by the TLR4 agonist LPS and not by TLR2 agonists. PMID: 15481153 It is currently unclear as to what group other TLR4-specific genes, such as IL12p35 and IL-15, belong to.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c172 : 1
stoichiometry:c169 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 In contrast, TLR2 agonists preferentially induced IL-8, IL-10, and IL-23p19.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c173 : 1
stoichiometry:c170 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 In contrast, TLR2 agonists preferentially induced IL-8, IL-10, and IL-23p19.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c174 : 1
stoichiometry:c171 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 In contrast, TLR2 agonists preferentially induced IL-8, IL-10, and IL-23p19.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c175 : 1
stoichiometry:c177 : 1
stoichiometry:c176 : 1
m84*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The p40 subunit is expressed in large excess of the p35 subunit, which is the limiting factor in controlling IL-12p70 production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c178 : 1
stoichiometry:c179 : 1
m90*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 IL-12p40 can also form homodimers that act as IL-12 receptor antagonist, or can pair with p19 to form IL-23, a novel cytokine whose activities remain poorly characterized.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c180 : 1
stoichiometry:c181 : 1
stoichiometry:c182 : 1
m92*m91*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 IL-12p40 can also form homodimers that act as IL-12 receptor antagonist, or can pair with p19 to form IL-23, a novel cytokine whose activities remain poorly characterized.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c183 : 1
stoichiometry:c184 : 1
stoichiometry:c185 : 1
m94*m90*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 IL-12p40 can also form homodimers that act as IL-12 receptor antagonist, or can pair with p19 to form IL-23, a novel cytokine whose activities remain poorly characterized.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
m17258*m184*0.1
nodelay
--
0
p70
p70
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c187 : 1
stoichiometry:c188 : 1
stoichiometry:c186 : 1
m93423*m2121*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12563297 IL-12 is able to stimulate IFN-gamma production in T cells, and is the key cytokine that directs the development of human and murine Th1 cells.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c190 : 1
stoichiometry:c189 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The fact that TLR4, but not TLR2, is able to induce the p35 subunit of IL-12, suggests that the Th1/ Th2 balance may be directly affected by the action of TLR. PMID: 15481153 It is currently unclear as to what group other TLR4-specific genes, such as IL12p35 and IL-15, belong to.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c192 : 1
stoichiometry:c191 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 It is remarkable that TLR2 stimulation, while failing to induce IL-12p70 release due to defective p35 gene induction, is nevertheless still able to stimulate.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c194 : 1
stoichiometry:c195 : 1
stoichiometry:c193 : 1
m97*m81*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 IP-10, a CXC chemokine produced by different cell types in response to IFN-gamma and microbial products, is a chemoattractant for monocytes, NK cells, and, importantly, Th1 cells that preferentially express the IP-10 receptor CXCR3.
p74
p74
cso30:i:ME_Translocation
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c196 : 1
stoichiometry:c197 : 1
stoichiometry:c198 : 1
m99*m1639*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 IL-15 is particularly active on NK cells and strongly induces IFN-gamma release by this cell type.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c200 : 1
stoichiometry:c199 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 IFN-beta, IFIT1, and ISG15 belong to the primary response group.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c202 : 1
stoichiometry:c201 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 IFN-beta, IFIT1, and ISG15 belong to the primary response group.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c206 : 1
stoichiometry:c203 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The secondary response group comprises interferon response genes, such as RF7, IRF9, and PKR.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c207 : 1
stoichiometry:c204 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The secondary response group comprises interferon response genes, such as RF7, IRF9, and PKR.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c208 : 1
stoichiometry:c205 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The secondary response group comprises interferon response genes, such as RF7, IRF9, and PKR.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
m12*m155701*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR2, in combination with either TLR1 or TLR6, recognizes several products including peptidoglycan, bacterial lipopeptides, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, and yeast zymosan.
PMID: 15481153 Finally, IFN-beta is a type I interferon that induces Th1 differentiation in humans.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c211 : 1
stoichiometry:c210 : 1
m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Stimulation with TLR4 agonist led to the production of IP-10, IFN-beta, MCP5, iNOS, and IL-12p40.
p82
p82
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c213 : 1
stoichiometry:c212 : 1
m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Stimulation with TLR4 agonist led to the production of IP-10, IFN-beta, MCP5, iNOS, and IL-12p40.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c215 : 1
stoichiometry:c263 : 1
stoichiometry:c214 : 1
m107*m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Stimulation with TLR4 agonist led to the production of IP-10, IFN-beta, MCP5, iNOS, and IL-12p40.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c217 : 1
stoichiometry:c216 : 1
m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12766768 In murine B cells, CpG DNA (TLR9 agonist), but not LPS, was found to induce the transcription factor T-bet and inhibit IgG1 and IgE switching induced by IL-4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c220 : 1
stoichiometry:c218 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Moreover, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were more abundantly released by mast cells stimulated through TLR2 than TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c221 : 1
stoichiometry:c219 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Moreover, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were more abundantly released by mast cells stimulated through TLR2 than TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c224 : 1
stoichiometry:c222 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Moreover, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were more abundantly released by mast cells stimulated through TLR2 than TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c225 : 1
stoichiometry:c223 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Moreover, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were more abundantly released by mast cells stimulated through TLR2 than TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c226 : 1
stoichiometry:c228 : 1
stoichiometry:c227 : 1
m105*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 Preincubation with TLR2 agonist also blocked the induction of IP-10 by IFN-beta, suggesting that the mechanism of inhibition is not specific for TLR, or due to rapid tolerization, but rather is more proximal and restricted to the transcription of those genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
m13*m2549*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 TLR2, in combination with either TLR1 or TLR6, recognizes several products including peptidoglycan, bacterial lipopeptides, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, and yeast zymosan.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c233 : 1
stoichiometry:c255 : 1
stoichiometry:c232 : 1
m111*m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12045249 Plasmacytoid cells respond by producing IFN-alpha, while myeloid DC preferentially express IL-12.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c254 : 1
stoichiometry:c234 : 1
m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12045249 Plasmacytoid cells respond by producing IFN-alpha, while myeloid DC preferentially express IL-12.
PMID: 15481153, 14607893, 14579266, 12761116 The ability of TLR2 and TLR4 to induce distinct Th responses was confirmed in humans by in vitro Th cell differentiation experiments, and found to mirror the results obtained in mice, such that TLR2 agonists induced Th2 diffrentiation and TLR4 induced Th1.
PMID: 15481153, 14607893, 14579266, 12761116 The ability of TLR2 and TLR4 to induce distinct Th responses was confirmed in humans by in vitro Th cell differentiation experiments, and found to mirror the results obtained in mice, such that TLR2 agonists induced Th2 diffrentiation and TLR4 induced Th1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c246 : 1
stoichiometry:c239 : 1
m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12045249, 11812998 Similarly, TLR7 can induce IFN-alpha in human plasmacytoid DC (Ito et al., 2002) despite its inability to activate MyD88-independent signaling pathways.
p95
p95
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c242 : 1
stoichiometry:c241 : 1
m19314*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 For example, in human DC TLR3 is able to induce IP-10 and IL-15 to similar levels as TLR4, yet it induces IFN-beta only very weakly.
p96
p96
cso30:i:CE_CellDifferentiation
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
PMID: 15481153, 11313410 DC maturation induced by LPS is a MyD88-independent response (Kaisho et al., 2001); however, it is also induced by TLR that cannot link to TRIF.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c244 : 1
stoichiometry:c245 : 1
m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153, 12356687 For example, although both TLR2 and TLR9 exclusively activate the MyD88-dependent pathway, only TLR9 is able to induce IFN-beta production in mouse macrophages (Hoshino et al., 2002), thereby indicating the existence of differences between TLR2 and TLR9 that are not ascribable to the TRIF/IRF3 pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c235 : 1
stoichiometry:c256 : 1
stoichiometry:c236 : 1
m78*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The fact that different TLR can induce such an array of responses suggest that they possess the ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways, which include the MAP kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ERK1/2, the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3, the PI3 kinase, and caspase-1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c257 : 1
stoichiometry:c259 : 1
stoichiometry:c258 : 1
m112*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 15481153 The fact that different TLR can induce such an array of responses suggest that they possess the ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways, which include the MAP kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ERK1/2, the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3, the PI3 kinase, and caspase-1.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--