Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
How Toll-like receptors signal: what we know and what we don't know.
Affiliation
School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.laoneill@tcd.ie
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) havecontinued to be a major focus of research for investigators interested in theinitiation of innate immune responses and the induction of pro-inflammatorycytokines and type I interferons during infection. Biochemical details of themajor signalling pathways have now been obtained, and the specific signallingpathways activated by different TLRs are being elucidated. New insights into theactivation of IRF family members, notably IRF3, IRF5 and IRF7, have beenobtained, and interesting spatiotemporal aspects of signalling by MyD88 leadingto IRF7 activation revealed. Adapters in TLR signalling are targets forinhibition, both by endogenous regulators and by virally derived proteins.Selective targeting of pathways by anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids alsoindicates the potential for modulating TLR signalling therapeutically.
PMID
16343886
|
Entity
TNF-alpha
--
MO000000289
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m230
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR003636 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000289 |
--
IRF-5{active}
--
MO000007700
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m979
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008984 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007700 |
--
IRF-7
--
MO000007702
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m980
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000007702 |
--
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
protein remnants
--
MO000019479
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m360980
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000019479 |
--
flagellin
--
MO000022185
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m6485
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000022185 |
--
IRAK-4
--
MO000039077
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m17258
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000039077 |
--
TRIF
--
MO000041125
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m18998
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041125 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
TLR2: TLR6
--
e11
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
TLR2: TLR1
--
e12
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
glycerophosphatidylinositol
--
e13
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4: TLR4
--
e14
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: CD14
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: CD14: TLR4: TLR4
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
10
infinite
0
Affymetrix | 109884_f_at |
Ensembl | ENSMUSG00000002944 |
InterPro | IPR005429 |
MGD | MGI:107899 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/Cd36 |
RefSeq | NM_007643 |
TRANSPATH | MO000031132 |
Unigene | Mm.18628 |
UniProt | Q08857 |
--
lipopeptides: CD36
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
glycerophosphatidylinositol: CD36
--
e19
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
glycerophosphatidylinositol: CD36: TLR2: TLR1
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
lipopeptides: CD36: TLR2: TLR6
--
e21
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
glycerophosphatidylinositol: CD36: TLR2: TLR6
--
e22
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
lipopeptides: CD36: TLR2: TLR1
--
e23
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand
--
e24
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR
--
e25
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: TLR3
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
flagellin: TLR5
--
e27
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
flagellin: TLR11
--
e28
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR
--
e31
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: MyD88
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRAK1
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRAK1{p}
--
e34
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-4 (activated): IRAK1
--
e35
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-4
--
e36
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1 {p}
--
e37
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1 {p}: TRAF6
--
e38
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1 {p}: TRAF6 {activated}
--
e39
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1 {p}: TRAF6 {ub}
--
e40
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1 {p}: TRAF6 {ub}: TAK1
--
e41
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1 {p}: TRAF6 {ub}: TAK1 {ub}
--
e42
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
IKK-alpha:IKK-beta:IKK-gamma
--
e43
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016661 |
--
IKK-alpha:IKK-beta:IKK-gamma {activated}
--
e44
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016661 |
--
NF-kappaB {activated}
--
e47
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
LPS: CD14: TLR4: TLR4: MyD88: MAL
--
e48
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: MyD88: MyD88
--
e49
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
10
infinite
0
Affymetrix | 1100_at |
Ensembl | ENSG00000184216 |
HGNC | IRAK1 |
InterPro | IPR000719 |
OMIM | 300283 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/IRAK1 |
RefSeq | NM_001025242 |
TRANSPATH | MO000080465 |
Unigene | Hs.522819 |
UniProt | P51617 |
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
lipopeptides
--
e6
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: CD14: TLR4: TLR4: TRIF: TRAM
--
e63
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: TLR3: TRIF
--
e64
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: CD14: TLR4: TLR4: TRIF: TRAM: TBK1
--
e65
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: TLR3: TRIF: TBK1
--
e66
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
RelA p65: IRF-3 {p}
--
e67
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1AcP: MyD88
--
e68
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1AcP
--
e69
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1RI
--
e70
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1RI: IL-AcP: MyD88
--
e71
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9: MyD88
--
e72
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
10
infinite
0
Ensembl | ENSG00000147877 |
HGNC | IFNA7 |
OMIM | 147567 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/IFNA7 |
RefSeq | NM_021057 |
TRANSFAC | G000306 |
Unigene | Hs.282274 |
--
--
e74
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
0
infinite
0
--
--
e75
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
0
infinite
0
--
--
e76
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m79
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9: MyD88: IRF-7
--
e77
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m80
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m81
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: MyD88s
--
e79
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m82
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
NS3/4A
--
e80
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m83
0
infinite
0
--
MyD88 {ub}
--
e81
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m84
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-7 {activated}
--
e83
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m86
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000007702 |
--
iRAK-4: iRAK1: IRF-7
--
e84
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m87
0
infinite
0
--
MyD88: TRAF6: IRF-5
--
e85
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m88
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3: IRF-3
--
e86
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m89
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3: IRF-3 {p}
--
e87
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m90
0
infinite
0
--
RelA p65: IRF-3
--
e88
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m91
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m92
10
infinite
0
Affymetrix | 1417483_at |
Ensembl | ENSMUSG00000035356 |
MGD | Nfkbiz |
Proteome | HumanPSD/Nfkbiz |
RefSeq | NM_030612 |
TRANSPATH | MO000063280 |
Unigene | Mm.247272 |
UniProt | Q5NT97 |
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m93
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m3964*m3987*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Lipid-based structures are recognized by TLR2 (in combination with TLR1 or TLR6 as heterodimers) and TLR4 (as a homodimer): the most studied examples of lipid-based recognition are bacterial or mycobacterial lipopeptides, or glycerophosphatidylinositol anchors from parasites, both of which are recognized by TLR2, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is recognized by TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
m6*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15690042 A role for other co-receptors is also emerging, with CD36 shown to be an essential co-receptor for TLR2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m19*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Lipid-based structures are recognized by TLR2 (in combination with TLR1 or TLR6 as heterodimers) and TLR4 (as a homodimer): the most studied examples of lipid-based recognition are bacterial or mycobacterial lipopeptides, or glycerophosphatidylinositol anchors from parasites, both of which are recognized by TLR2, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is recognized by TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
m12*m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Lipid-based structures are recognized by TLR2 (in combination with TLR1 or TLR6 as heterodimers) and TLR4 (as a homodimer): the most studied examples of lipid-based recognition are bacterial or mycobacterial lipopeptides, or glycerophosphatidylinositol anchors from parasites, both of which are recognized by TLR2, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is recognized by TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
m18*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Lipid-based structures are recognized by TLR2 (in combination with TLR1 or TLR6 as heterodimers) and TLR4 (as a homodimer): the most studied examples of lipid-based recognition are bacterial or mycobacterial lipopeptides, or glycerophosphatidylinositol anchors from parasites, both of which are recognized by TLR2, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is recognized by TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
m18*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Lipid-based structures are recognized by TLR2 (in combination with TLR1 or TLR6 as heterodimers) and TLR4 (as a homodimer): the most studied examples of lipid-based recognition are bacterial or mycobacterial lipopeptides, or glycerophosphatidylinositol anchors from parasites, both of which are recognized by TLR2, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is recognized by TLR4.
p15
p15
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
m6485*m19944*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15860593 Finally, TLR5 and TLR11 recognize proteins from pathogens (flagellin in the case of TLR5 and profilin in the case of TLR11 [only in the mouse]).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
m30*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 he most characterised are the recognition of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by TLR3 and recognition of CpG motifs in DNA by TLR9.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15795223 The hypothesised model here involves the assembly of a TIR?TIR platform by the dimerization of two TLRs.
p18
p18
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
m32*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 This platform then recruits MyD88, leading in turn to the recruitment of IRAK-4 (whose death domain interacts with the death domain of MyD88). IRAK-4 becomes activated and phosphorylates IRAK-1 (which might already be in the complex, as it also has a death domain). PMID: 16343886, 15004556 An early demonstration of this was the observation that ST2, which is another member of the IL-1R subgroup of TIR proteins, inhibits TLR signalling in macrophages by sequestering MyD88 and Mal from signalling pathways.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
m17258*m5*m65*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 This platform then recruits MyD88, leading in turn to the recruitment of IRAK-4 (whose death domain interacts with the death domain of MyD88). IRAK-4 becomes activated and phosphorylates IRAK-1 (which might already be in the complex, as it also has a death domain). PMID: 16343886 MyD88s lacks a region important for IRAK-4 recruitment and so IRAK-4 is not engaged, hence limiting NF-kappaB activation.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m3963*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Lipid-based structures are recognized by TLR2 (in combination with TLR1 or TLR6 as heterodimers) and TLR4 (as a homodimer): the most studied examples of lipid-based recognition are bacterial or mycobacterial lipopeptides, or glycerophosphatidylinositol anchors from parasites, both of which are recognized by TLR2, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is recognized by TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 This platform then recruits MyD88, leading in turn to the recruitment of IRAK-4 (whose death domain interacts with the death domain of MyD88). IRAK-4 becomes activated and phosphorylates IRAK-1 (which might already be in the complex, as it also has a death domain).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
m34*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 This platform then recruits MyD88, leading in turn to the recruitment of IRAK-4 (whose death domain interacts with the death domain of MyD88). IRAK-4 becomes activated and phosphorylates IRAK-1 (which might already be in the complex, as it also has a death domain).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Phosphorylated IRAK-1 is active, and then somehow activates Traf-6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
m38*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Phosphorylated IRAK-1 is active, and then somehow activates Traf-6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Phosphorylated IRAK-1 is active, and then somehow activates Traf-6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 A series of ubiquitinylation reactions then occur on Traf-6 itself and on the protein kinase TAK-1, which is a candidate kinase for the activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to NF-kappaB activation, and activation of upstream kinases for p38 and JNK.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
m41*m1573*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 A series of ubiquitinylation reactions then occur on Traf-6 itself and on the protein kinase TAK-1, which is a candidate kinase for the activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to NF-kappaB activation, and activation of upstream kinases for p38 and JNK.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 A series of ubiquitinylation reactions then occur on Traf-6 itself and on the protein kinase TAK-1, which is a candidate kinase for the activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to NF-kappaB activation, and activation of upstream kinases for p38 and JNK.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
m43*m44*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 A series of ubiquitinylation reactions then occur on Traf-6 itself and on the protein kinase TAK-1, which is a candidate kinase for the activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to NF-kappaB activation, and activation of upstream kinases for p38 and JNK.
p29
p29
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m43*m46*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 A series of ubiquitinylation reactions then occur on Traf-6 itself and on the protein kinase TAK-1, which is a candidate kinase for the activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to NF-kappaB activation, and activation of upstream kinases for p38 and JNK.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
m3962*m25*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15795223 The hypothesised model here involves the assembly of a TIR?TIR platform by the dimerization of two TLRs.
p30
p30
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
m43*m48*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 A series of ubiquitinylation reactions then occur on Traf-6 itself and on the protein kinase TAK-1, which is a candidate kinase for the activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to NF-kappaB activation, and activation of upstream kinases for p38 and JNK.
p31
p31
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
m20*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 A series of ubiquitinylation reactions then occur on Traf-6 itself and on the protein kinase TAK-1, which is a candidate kinase for the activation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to NF-kappaB activation, and activation of upstream kinases for p38 and JNK.
p32
p32
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
m43675*m16*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 11544529, 11526399 The discovery of the second TIR domain-containing adaptor, MyD88 adaptor-like (Mal), also known as TIRAP, indicated that there might be specificity in the signalling pathways, particularly when Mal was shown to have a role in TLR4, but not IL-1, signalling to NF-kappaB. PMID: 16343886, 15004556 An early demonstration of this was the observation that ST2, which is another member of the IL-1R subgroup of TIR proteins, inhibits TLR signalling in macrophages by sequestering MyD88 and Mal from signalling pathways.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
m33*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15849357 MyD88 homodimerization has been shown to involve another region of the TIR domain called Box 3.
p34
p34
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
m18998*m19005*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 12471095, 12692549 A third adaptor was then described, termed TIR-related adaptor protein inducing interferon (Trif), which is recruited by both TLR4 and TLR3, and is responsible for activation of IRF3 [10, 11 and 12], acting via an IKK-like kinase termed TBK-1. PMID: 16343886, 14517278, 14519765, 14556004 The fourth adaptor to be described was named Trif-related adaptor molecule (Tram), and interestingly acts only in TLR4 signalling, where it interacts with Trif.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
m18998*m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 12471095, 12692549 A third adaptor was then described, termed TIR-related adaptor protein inducing interferon (Trif), which is recruited by both TLR4 and TLR3, and is responsible for activation of IRF3 [10, 11 and 12], acting via an IKK-like kinase termed TBK-1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
m3902*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 The discovery of Trif provided the first molecular basis for why TLR3 and TLR4, but not TLR2, are able to induce IFN-beta ¡½ both TLR3 and TLR4 can signal via Trif to the IKK family kinase TBK-1, which phosphorylates IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m3902*m67*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 The discovery of Trif provided the first molecular basis for why TLR3 and TLR4, but not TLR2, are able to induce IFN-beta ¡½ both TLR3 and TLR4 can signal via Trif to the IKK family kinase TBK-1, which phosphorylates IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
m69*m89*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 The discovery of Trif provided the first molecular basis for why TLR3 and TLR4, but not TLR2, are able to induce IFN-beta ¡½ both TLR3 and TLR4 can signal via Trif to the IKK family kinase TBK-1, which phosphorylates IRF3. PMID: 16343886 TLR3 activates IRF3 homodimers which then bind the interferon sensitive response element (ISRE) on target genes, such as IFN-beta.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
m68*m91*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 The discovery of Trif provided the first molecular basis for why TLR3 and TLR4, but not TLR2, are able to induce IFN-beta ¡½ both TLR3 and TLR4 can signal via Trif to the IKK family kinase TBK-1, which phosphorylates IRF3. PMID: 16343886, 1455726 For TLR4, a complex of p65 and IRF3 is activated.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
m119368*m3965*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 he most characterised are the recognition of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by TLR3 and recognition of CpG motifs in DNA by TLR9.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
m70*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 The discovery of Trif provided the first molecular basis for why TLR3 and TLR4, but not TLR2, are able to induce IFN-beta ¡½ both TLR3 and TLR4 can signal via Trif to the IKK family kinase TBK-1, which phosphorylates IRF3. PMID: 16343886 This limits the induction of IFN-beta by TLR3 during infection and might contribute to the persistence of the virus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
m1572*m72*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15849357 A recent study has, however, identified three other amino acids in the BB loop of MyD88 (Asp195, Arg196 and Asp197) as important for interaction with the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1AcP, which also has a TIR domain and is required for IL-1 signalling in complex with IL-1RI.
p42
p42
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
m1589*m185*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15849357 A recent study has, however, identified three other amino acids in the BB loop of MyD88 (Asp195, Arg196 and Asp197) as important for interaction with the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1AcP, which also has a TIR domain and is required for IL-1 signalling in complex with IL-1RI.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
m73*m71*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15849357 A recent study has, however, identified three other amino acids in the BB loop of MyD88 (Asp195, Arg196 and Asp197) as important for interaction with the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1AcP, which also has a TIR domain and is required for IL-1 signalling in complex with IL-1RI.
p44
p44
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m70*m93309*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 It appears that activation of Trif by LPS leads to the rapid production of TNF, which is dependent on IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
m63*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Perhaps TNF induction requires an interplay between NF-kappaB, activated by MyD88, and IRF3, activated by Trif, whereas IFN-beta only requires IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
m31*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 TLR9, similar to IL-1, apparently only requires MyD88 for signalling, and yet, unlike IL-1, is a strong inducer of IFN-alpha, but only in plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
m80*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 TLR9, similar to IL-1, apparently only requires MyD88 for signalling, and yet, unlike IL-1, is a strong inducer of IFN-alpha, but only in plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
m980*m75*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15815647, 15800576, 15767370 Honda and colleagues now provide an explanation for this: IFN-alpha production requires the transcription factor IRF7, and this protein has been shown to associate with MyD88.In plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the IFN-alpha-inducing TLR9 ligand CpG-A is retained for long periods in endosomal vesicles together with the MyD88?IRF7 complex.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
m81*m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 MyD88s lacks a region important for IRAK-4 recruitment and so IRAK-4 is not engaged, hence limiting NF-kappaB activation.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 Lipid-based structures are recognized by TLR2 (in combination with TLR1 or TLR6 as heterodimers) and TLR4 (as a homodimer): the most studied examples of lipid-based recognition are bacterial or mycobacterial lipopeptides, or glycerophosphatidylinositol anchors from parasites, both of which are recognized by TLR2, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is recognized by TLR4.
p50
p50
cso30:i:ME_Ubiquitination
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
m1572*m1746*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15623538 TGF-beta blocks TLR signalling by causing the ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation of MyD88 [36]. This may be a key aspect of the anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-beta.
p51
p51
cso30:i:ME_ProteasomeDegradation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
m84*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15623538 TGF-beta blocks TLR signalling by causing the ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation of MyD88 [36]. This may be a key aspect of the anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-beta.
p52
p52
cso30:i:ME_ProteinCleavage
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
m18998*m83*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15710891 Also of interest is the observation that the hepatitis C virus protein NS3/4A can cleave and inactivate Trif.
p53
p53
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
m980*m68*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15800576, 15767370, 15361868 IRF7 is a key transcription factor for induction of type I interferons, and its activation occurs by both MyD88-dependent pathways (activated by TLR9) and Trif pathways (activated via TBK-1).
p54
p54
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
stoichiometry:c155 : 1
m980*m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15800576, 15767370, 15361868 IRF7 is a key transcription factor for induction of type I interferons, and its activation occurs by both MyD88-dependent pathways (activated by TLR9) and Trif pathways (activated via TBK-1).
p55
p55
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
m5*m17258*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 IRF7 associates directly with both IRAK-4 and IRAK-1.
p56
p56
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
stoichiometry:c165 : 1
m1572*m183*m979*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 IRF5 is essential for the induction of a range of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-6, IL-12 and TNF, but not IFN-alpha, and is found in a trimeric complex with MyD88 and Traf6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c169 : 1
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
m88*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 IRF5 is essential for the induction of a range of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-6, IL-12 and TNF, but not IFN-alpha, and is found in a trimeric complex with MyD88 and Traf6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c171 : 1
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
m88*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 IRF5 is essential for the induction of a range of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-6, IL-12 and TNF, but not IFN-alpha, and is found in a trimeric complex with MyD88 and Traf6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c170 : 1
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
m88*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 IRF5 is essential for the induction of a range of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-6, IL-12 and TNF, but not IFN-alpha, and is found in a trimeric complex with MyD88 and Traf6.
p6
p6
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
m155666*m2828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 It now appears, however, that CD14 can influence signalling by TLR4, and is required for activation of the Trif?Tram pathway by TLR4 because when CD14 is absent LPS can only engage with the MyD88 pathway. PMID: 16343886 This is also the case with TLR4, but only when so-called ¡Æsmooth¡Ç LPS, which has longer O-polysaccharide chains compared to ¡Ærough¡Ç LPS, is used as a ligand.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c172 : 1
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
stoichiometry:c173 : 1
m90*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 The discovery of Trif provided the first molecular basis for why TLR3 and TLR4, but not TLR2, are able to induce IFN-beta ¡½ both TLR3 and TLR4 can signal via Trif to the IKK family kinase TBK-1, which phosphorylates IRF3. PMID: 16343886 This limits the induction of IFN-b by TLR3 during infection and might contribute to the persistence of the virus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c174 : 1
stoichiometry:c175 : 1
stoichiometry:c176 : 1
m92*m172*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 A notable example of a gene activated by this pathway is IL-6, which is regulated by IkappaB-zeta in a complex with p50.
p62
p62
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c177 : 1
stoichiometry:c179 : 1
stoichiometry:c178 : 1
m94*m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15665823 Another IRF, IRF5, is found downstream of MyD88, and so is activated by multiple TLRs
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
m15*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886 It now appears, however, that CD14 can influence signalling by TLR4, and is required for activation of the Trif?Tram pathway by TLR4 because when CD14 is absent LPS can only engage with the MyD88 pathway. PMID: 16343886 This is also the case with TLR4, but only when so-called ¡Æsmooth¡Ç LPS, which has longer O-polysaccharide chains compared to ¡Ærough¡Ç LPS, is used as a ligand.
p8
p8
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
m3966*m6485*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15860593 Finally, TLR5 and TLR11 recognize proteins from pathogens (flagellin in the case of TLR5 and profilin in the case of TLR11 [only in the mouse]).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
m13*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16343886, 15690042 A role for other co-receptors is also emerging, with CD36 shown to be an essential co-receptor for TLR2.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--