Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
All is not Toll: new pathways in DNA recognition.
Affiliation
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Munchen, Germany. h.wagner@lrz.tu-muenchen.de
Abstract
Immunological defense depends on the ability of the innate immune system torecognize invading microbes as foreign and thus eliminate them. The Toll-likereceptors (TLRs) help detect foreign invaders by sensing variouspathogen-associated molecules, including microbial RNA and DNA. At present, itis unclear whether and how the immune system distinguishes between microbial andself nucleic acids, as host-derived RNA and DNA also stimulate TLRs. Inaddition, recent studies have revealed the existence of TLR-independent pathwaysthat are activated in response to microbial and host nucleic acids.
PMID
16446382
|
Entity
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
TNF-alpha
--
MO000000289
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m230
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR003636 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000289 |
--
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
IFN Type I
--
MO000016658
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1634
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016658 |
--
FcgammaRIII
--
MO000018212
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2893
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000018212 |
--
flagellin
--
MO000022185
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6485
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000022185 |
--
dsRNA
--
MO000022224
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m119368
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000022224 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3
--
MO000041446
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19314
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041446 |
--
FcgammaRIIA(h)
--
MO000061041
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m282320
10
infinite
0
Affymetrix | 203561_at |
Ensembl | ENSG00000143226 |
HGNC | FCGR2A |
OMIM | 146790 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/FCGR2A |
RefSeq | NM_021642 |
TRANSPATH | MO000061041 |
Unigene | Hs.119428 |
UniProt | P12318 |
--
DDX58(RIG-1)
--
MO000066987
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m41844
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000066987 |
--
IFIH1(Mda-5)
--
MO000103999
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m76904
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000103999 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
--
e11
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand
--
e12
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR
--
e13
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
ssDNA
--
e15
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
ssDNA: BCR
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: MyD88
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: TLR: TRIF
--
e19
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
LPS: TLR4
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB {activated}
--
e21
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
IFN type I
--
e22
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
Lp: TLR2
--
e23
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
IKK-alpha:IKK-beta:IKK-gamma
--
e24
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016661 |
--
ssRNA: TLR8
--
e25
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR9
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
ssDNA: TLR9
--
e27
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
flagellin: TLR5
--
e28
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
propellin: TLR11
--
e29
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
propellin
--
e30
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA:TLR3: TRIF
--
e31
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
anti DNA IC
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
anti DNA IC {endosomal}
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
anti DNA IC {endosomal}: TLR9
--
e34
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
ICs containing U1 small nuclear ribonucleotide proteins
--
e35
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
ICs containing U1 small nuclear ribonucleotide proteins: TLR7
--
e36
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: RIG-1
--
e38
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
ssDNA: TLR9: MyD88
--
e41
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR8: MyD88
--
e42
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR7: MyD88
--
e43
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: RIG-1: IPS-1: TBK1: ILL-alpha: IKK-beta: IKK-gamma
--
e44
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3 [activated}
--
e46
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008984 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007694 |
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
--
e5
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
--
e6
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
m15*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 These include TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9, which sense double-stranded (ds)RNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA, and ssDNA, respectively. PMID: 16446382 A likely interpretation of these results is that high concentrations of endosomal ssPD-DNA, or other nonstimulatory oligonucleotides, can activate TLR9 in a CpG-independent fashion.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
m17*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 The other pathway requires the adaptor molecule TRIF and primarily culminates in the production of type I IFNs.
p11
p11
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
m18*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 One pathway requires the adaptor molecule MyD88 and culminates in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) or NF-kappaB?dependent proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL)-12.
p12
p12
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
m22*m93309*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 One pathway requires the adaptor molecule MyD88 and culminates in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) or NF-kappaB?dependent proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL)-12.
p13
p13
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
m22*m93589*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 One pathway requires the adaptor molecule MyD88 and culminates in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) or NF-kappaB?dependent proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL)-12.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 One pathway requires the adaptor molecule MyD88 and culminates in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) or NF-kappaB?dependent proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL)-12.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 One pathway requires the adaptor molecule MyD88 and culminates in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) or NF-kappaB?dependent proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL)-12.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 One pathway requires the adaptor molecule MyD88 and culminates in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) or NF-kappaB?dependent proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL)-12. PMID: 16446382 After ligation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, the adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited and drives the production of proinflammatory cytokine genes or type 1 interferon genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
m22*m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 One pathway requires the adaptor molecule MyD88 and culminates in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) or NF-kappaB?dependent proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL)-12. PMID: 16446382 After ligation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, the adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited and drives the production of proinflammatory cytokine genes or type 1 interferon genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 The other pathway requires the adaptor molecule TRIF and primarily culminates in the production of type I IFNs.
p19
p19
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
m3966*m6485*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 11861602, 15229469, 15207506 Other TLRs, in contrast, reside on the cell membrane. These include TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR11, which recognize lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and propellin, respectively.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
m14*m19823*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 These include TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9, which sense double-stranded (ds)RNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA, and ssDNA, respectively.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
m19944*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 11861602, 15229469, 15207506 Other TLRs, in contrast, reside on the cell membrane. These include TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR11, which recognize lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and propellin, respectively.
p21
p21
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
m32*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 TLR3 ligation triggers type 1 interferon genes via the adaptor protein TRIF.
p22
p22
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
m19314*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 TLR3 ligation triggers type 1 interferon genes via the adaptor protein TRIF.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m15*m2450*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 11948342 In this system, the RF+ BCR first recognizes the isotype of the autoantibody, and this recognition triggers the subsequent translocation of the ICs into TLR-expressing endosomes.
p24
p24
cso30:i:ME_Translocation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
m33*m16*m2893*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 11948342 In this system, the RF+ BCR first recognizes the isotype of the autoantibody, and this recognition triggers the subsequent translocation of the ICs into TLR-expressing endosomes. PMID: 16446382, 15197227, 15668740 Similarly, anti-DNA ICs that are translocated to endosomes via FcgammaRIII-mediated (mouse) or FcgammaRIIa-mediated (human) endocytosis activate the TLR9-dependent production of cytokines, including type I IFNs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
m34*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 15197227, 15668740 Similarly, anti-DNA ICs that are translocated to endosomes via FcgammaRIII-mediated (mouse) or FcgammaRIIa-mediated (human) endocytosis activate the TLR9-dependent production of cytokines, including type I IFNs. PMID: 16446382 Thus, in SLE, both self-RNA and self-DNA can act as ligands for TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, provided they do not contain certain posttranscriptional nucleoside modifications.
p26
p26
cso30:i:ME_Translocation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m33*m282320*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 11948342 In this system, the RF+ BCR first recognizes the isotype of the autoantibody, and this recognition triggers the subsequent translocation of the ICs into TLR-expressing endosomes PMID: 16446382, 15197227, 15668740 Similarly, anti-DNA ICs that are translocated to endosomes via FcgammaRIII-mediated (mouse) or FcgammaRIIa-mediated (human) endocytosis activate the TLR9-dependent production of cytokines, including type I IFNs.
p27
p27
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
m35*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 15197227, 15668740 Similarly, anti-DNA ICs that are translocated to endosomes via FcgammaRIII-mediated (mouse) or FcgammaRIIa-mediated (human) endocytosis activate the TLR9-dependent production of cytokines, including type I IFNs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 15197227, 15668740 Similarly, anti-DNA ICs that are translocated to endosomes via FcgammaRIII-mediated (mouse) or FcgammaRIIa-mediated (human) endocytosis activate the TLR9-dependent production of cytokines, including type I IFNs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
m19940*m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 16368889, 16230478, 16260486 ICs containing U1 small nuclear ribonucleotide proteins, which are found in a subset of SLE patients, activate the TLR7-dependent production of type I IFNs and other proinflammatory cytokines by murine pDCs. PMID: 16446382 Thus, in SLE, both self-RNA and self-DNA can act as ligands for TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, provided they do not contain certain posttranscriptional nucleoside modifications.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
m14*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 These include TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9, which sense double-stranded (ds)RNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA, and ssDNA, respectively.
p30
p30
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
m37*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 16368889, 16230478, 16260486 ICs containing U1 small nuclear ribonucleotide proteins, which are found in a subset of SLE patients, activate the TLR7-dependent production of type I IFNs and other proinflammatory cytokines by murine pDCs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 16368889, 16230478, 16260486 ICs containing U1 small nuclear ribonucleotide proteins, which are found in a subset of SLE patients, activate the TLR7-dependent production of type I IFNs and other proinflammatory cytokines by murine pDCs.
p32
p32
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
m119368*m41844*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 In this system, the RNA is recognized by the cytoplasmic helicase domain of the helicase protein retinoic acid?induced gene 1 (RIG-1).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
m39*m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 15208624, 16177806 The downstream signaling events that result from this recognition require the NH2-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of RIG-1, which binds to the adaptor molecule Cardif (also called IPS-1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
m28*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 After ligation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, the adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited and drives the production of proinflammatory cytokine genes or type 1 interferon genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
m26*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 After ligation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, the adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited and drives the production of proinflammatory cytokine genes or type 1 interferon genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
m27*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 After ligation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, the adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited and drives the production of proinflammatory cytokine genes or type 1 interferon genes.
p37
p37
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
m42*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 After ligation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, the adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited and drives the production of proinflammatory cytokine genes or type 1 interferon genes.
p38
p38
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
m43*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 After ligation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, the adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited and drives the production of proinflammatory cytokine genes or type 1 interferon genes.
p39
p39
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
m44*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 After ligation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, the adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited and drives the production of proinflammatory cytokine genes or type 1 interferon genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m12*m3962*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 Two major signaling pathways are activated upon ligand-driven TLR dimerization.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
m3902*m25*m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 15210742 This TLR3-independent induction does not require TRIF, but depends on the kinase TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase-1) and the transcription factor IRF-3 (IFN regulatory factor-3). PMID: 16446382 Cardiff /IPS-1 in turn interacts with Ikkalpha/beta/gamma kinases and thus activates IRF3.
p41
p41
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m119368*m76904*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 Another candidate for the sensing of cytoplasmic dsRNA molecules is Mda5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, also termed Helicard).
p42
p42
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
m977*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 Cardiff /IPS-1 in turn interacts with Ikkalpha/beta/gamma kinases and thus activates IRF3.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446282 Although viral dsRNA is known to be sensed by TLR3, DCs or fibroblasts that lack TLR3 still produce type I IFNs after intracellular introduction of dsRNA molecules.
p5
p5
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
m155666*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 11861602, 15229469, 15207506 Other TLRs, in contrast, reside on the cell membrane. These include TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR11, which recognize lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and propellin, respectively.
p6
p6
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
m119368*m3965*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 These include TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9, which sense double-stranded (ds)RNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA, and ssDNA, respectively.
p7
p7
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
m3964*m2549*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382, 11861602, 15229469, 15207506 Other TLRs, in contrast, reside on the cell membrane. These include TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR11, which recognize lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and propellin, respectively.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 Two major signaling pathways are activated upon ligand-driven TLR dimerization.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m17*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16446382 One pathway requires the adaptor molecule MyD88 and culminates in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) or NF-kappaB?dependent proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and interleukin (IL)-12.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--