Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Innate sensing of self and non-self RNAs by Toll-like receptors.
Affiliation
The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Department of Immunology, Molecular MedicineGroup, Montebello N-0310 Oslo, Norway. mosioud@ulrik.uio.no
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have an important role in innate immunity in mammalsby recognizing conserved microbial components that are known aspathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Although the majority of thesereceptors sense pathogen components on the cell surface, a subset of them (TLR3,TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9) senses viral and bacterial nucleic acids in endosomalcompartments. Of considerable interest is the recent finding that TLR7 and TLR8can also recognize small interfering RNA (siRNA), which is the main effector inRNA interference. This immune activation by siRNAs can be abrogated by the2'-ribose modification of uridines. Here, we discuss the recent developmentsthat have expanded the understanding of self-non-self discrimination of RNAs bythe innate immune system, and consider future directions for therapeuticapplications of these findings.
PMID
16530484
|
Entity
TNF-alpha
--
G010329
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m93309
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infinite
0
TRANSFAC | G010329 |
--
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
IRAK
--
MO000000213
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m184
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000213 |
--
TNF-alpha
--
MO000000289
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m230
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR003636 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000289 |
--
IRF-3
--
MO000007694
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m977
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008984 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007694 |
--
IRF-7
--
MO000007702
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m980
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000007702 |
--
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
dsRNA
--
MO000022224
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m119368
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000022224 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3
--
MO000041446
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19314
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041446 |
--
TLR7
--
MO000042126
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19940
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000042126 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
peptidoglycan
--
e11
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA
--
e12
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA:TLR9
--
e13
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA
--
e14
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:TLR7
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:TLR8
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
envelope protein
--
e17
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
envelope protein:TLR4
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
siRNA
--
e19
cso30:c:miRNA
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
type I IFN
--
e20
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
OAS1
--
e21
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
imiquimod
--
e22
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
imiquimod:TLR7
--
e23
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
R848:TLR7
--
e24
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
R-848
--
e25
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
loxoribine
--
e26
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
loxoribine:TLR7
--
e27
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
bropirimine:TLR7
--
e28
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
bropirimine
--
e29
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:TLR7:MYD88
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:TLR8:MYD88
--
e31
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA:TLR9:MYD88
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA:TLR3:TRIF
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3{active}
--
e34
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008984 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007694 |
--
IRAK{active}
--
e35
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000213 |
--
NF-kappaB{active}
--
e37
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
peptidoglycan:TLR2:MYD88
--
e38
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4:MYD88
--
e39
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-7{active}
--
e40
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000007702 |
--
IFN-alpha
--
e41
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA:DDX58
--
e42
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
PKR
--
e43
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA:PKR
--
e44
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA:PKR{p}
--
e45
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
0
infinite
0
--
eIF2-alpha{p}
--
e46
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
eIF2-alpha
--
e47
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
IFn-alpha
--
e48
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-alpha:IFNAR
--
e49
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4
--
e5
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
Peptidoglycan:TLR2
--
e6
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
IFNAR
--
e63
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
PKR
--
e64
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-beta
--
e65
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-beta:IFNBr
--
e66
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
IFNBR
--
e67
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
siRNA:TLR7
--
e68
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
siRNA:TLR8
--
e69
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
m3961*m155666*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 11861602, 15229469 Among bacterial structures that are recognized by TLRs, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide and unmethylated CpG DNA are ligands for TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9, respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 14681580 several IFN target genes such as chemokine (C?C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interferon-stimulated exonuclease gene 20kDa (ISG20) and 2¡ì?5¡ìoligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) are induced by chemically synthesized siRNAs
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 14681580 several IFN target genes such as chemokine (C?C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interferon-stimulated exonuclease gene 20kDa (ISG20) and 2¡ì?5¡ìoligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) are induced by chemically synthesized siRNAs
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
m22*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 12738885 Human and murine TLR7 recognize several synthetic compounds that are mainly derivatives and analogs of guanine; these include imiquimod, R-848, loxoribine and bropirimine.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
m19940*m25*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 12738885 Human and murine TLR7 recognize several synthetic compounds that are mainly derivatives and analogs of guanine; these include imiquimod, R-848, loxoribine and bropirimine.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
m19940*m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 12738885 Human and murine TLR7 recognize several synthetic compounds that are mainly derivatives and analogs of guanine; these include imiquimod, R-848, loxoribine and bropirimine.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
m19940*m29*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 12738885 Human and murine TLR7 recognize several synthetic compounds that are mainly derivatives and analogs of guanine; these include imiquimod, R-848, loxoribine and bropirimine.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
m1572*m15*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 The immune effects of TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are mediated by the adaptor protein MyD88, which leads to the activation of NF-¦ÊB, which then stimulates transcription of proinflammatory-cytokine genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
m16*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 The immune effects of TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are mediated by the adaptor protein MyD88, which leads to the activation of NF-¦ÊB, which then stimulates transcription of proinflammatory-cytokine genes.
p18
p18
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
m19828*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 The immune effects of TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are mediated by the adaptor protein MyD88, which leads to the activation of NF-¦ÊB, which then stimulates transcription of proinflammatory-cytokine genes.
p19
p19
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
m19314*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Activation of TLR3 by dsRNA involves Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF), which activates IRF3, which is responsible for the induction of IFN-¦Â.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m3964*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 11861602, 15229469 Among bacterial structures that are recognized by TLRs, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide and unmethylated CpG DNA are ligands for TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9, respectively
p20
p20
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
m977*m33*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Activation of TLR3 by dsRNA involves Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF), which activates IRF3, which is responsible for the induction of IFN-¦Â.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
m34*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Activation of TLR3 by dsRNA involves Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF), which activates IRF3, which is responsible for the induction of IFN-¦Â.
p22
p22
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
m184*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3 (Figure I, yellow), which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
p23
p23
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
m184*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3, which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
p24
p24
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
m184*m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3 (Figure I, yellow), which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
p25
p25
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
m183*m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3 (Figure I, yellow), which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
p26
p26
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m35*m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3, which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
m6*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3, which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
m5*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3, which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
p29
p29
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
m184*m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3, which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
p3
p3
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
m3965*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 double-stranded (ds)RNA, CpG DNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA and envelope glycoproteins are recognized by TLR3, TLR9, TLR7 and TLR8, and TLR4, respectively
p30
p30
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
m184*m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Except for TLR3, which uses the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF) as primary effector protein, all other TLRs use the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), which activates a cascade that involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB).
p31
p31
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
m977*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
p32
p32
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
m977*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
p33
p33
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
m977*m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
p34
p34
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
m977*m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
p35
p35
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
m977*m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
p36
p36
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
m980*m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
p37
p37
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m980*m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
p38
p38
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
m980*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
p39
p39
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
m980*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m12*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 double-stranded (ds)RNA, CpG DNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA and envelope glycoproteins are recognized by TLR3, TLR9, TLR7 and TLR8, and TLR4, respectively
p40
p40
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
m980*m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
m34*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Signalling from TLRs also activate the IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), in particular IRF3 and IRF7, leading to type I IFN production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 This signalling pathway also activates the interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF7), which is responsible for IFN-¦Á induction.
p44
p44
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m119368*m41844*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Cytoplasmic dsRNA can activate directly protein kinase R (PKR) and/or the retinoic-acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I), leading to IFN production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
m44*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Cytoplasmic dsRNA can activate directly protein kinase R (PKR) and/or the retinoic-acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I), leading to IFN production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 PKR autophosphorylates in response to dsRNA and subsequently phosphorylates its substrates, one of which is the ¦Á subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2-¦Á).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
m48*m46*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 PKR autophosphorylates in response to dsRNA and subsequently phosphorylates its substrates, one of which is the ¦Á subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2-¦Á).
PMID: 16530484 This post-translational modification leads to a general inhibition of protein synthesis.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 This signalling pathway also activates the interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF7), which is responsible for IFN-¦Á induction.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m19940*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 double-stranded (ds)RNA, CpG DNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA and envelope glycoproteins are recognized by TLR3, TLR9, TLR7 and TLR8, and TLR4, respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
m49*m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Notably, a large number of IFN target genes, including PKR, are induced via the binding of IFN-¦Á and IFN-¦Â to their receptor that is expressed on the cell surface
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
m63*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Notably, a large number of IFN target genes, including PKR, are induced via the binding of IFN-¦Á and IFN-¦Â to their receptor that is expressed on the cell surface
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
m93217*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Activation of TLR3 by dsRNA involves Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-¦Â (TRIF), which activates IRF3, which is responsible for the induction of IFN-¦Â.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
m68*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Notably, a large number of IFN target genes, including PKR, are induced via the binding of IFN-¦Á and IFN-¦Â to their receptor that is expressed on the cell surface
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
m67*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Notably, a large number of IFN target genes, including PKR, are induced via the binding of IFN-¦Á and IFN-¦Â to their receptor that is expressed on the cell surface
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
m19*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 immunostimulatory siRNA duplexes might bind to endosomal TLR7 and TLR8, but with low affinity compared with that of ssRNAs
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
m19*m19823*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 immunostimulatory siRNA duplexes might bind to endosomal TLR7 and TLR8, but with low affinity compared with that of ssRNAs
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c155 : 1
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 when several sequences of siRNA were tested under the same conditions, the (ss) siRNAs showed the highest activity in inducing secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-¦Á in human blood cells
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
m70*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 when several sequences of siRNA were tested under the same conditions, the (ss) siRNAs showed the highest activity in inducing secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-¦Á in human blood cells
p59
p59
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
m93309*m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 when several sequences of siRNA were tested under the same conditions, the (ss) siRNAs showed the highest activity in inducing secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-¦Á in human blood cells
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
m19823*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 double-stranded (ds)RNA, CpG DNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA and envelope glycoproteins are recognized by TLR3, TLR9, TLR7 and TLR8, and TLR4, respectively
p60
p60
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
m93309*m70*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 when several sequences of siRNA were tested under the same conditions, the (ss) siRNAs showed the highest activity in inducing secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-¦Á in human blood cells
p61
p61
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
stoichiometry:c165 : 1
m35*m43*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 In addition to its helicase domain, RIG-I contains a tandem caspase recruitment domain, which transmits signals that lead to NF-¦ÊB and IRF3 activation.
p62
p62
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
stoichiometry:c169 : 1
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
m977*m43*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 In addition to its helicase domain, RIG-I contains a tandem caspase recruitment domain, which transmits signals that lead to NF-¦ÊB and IRF3 activation.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m3961*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 double-stranded (ds)RNA, CpG DNA, single-stranded (ss)RNA and envelope glycoproteins are recognized by TLR3, TLR9, TLR7 and TLR8, and TLR4, respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484 Recent studies indicate that they can also trigger several unwanted effects including the induction of type I IFNs
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16530484, 14681580 several IFN target genes such as chemokine (C?C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interferon-stimulated exonuclease gene 20kDa (ISG20) and 2¡ì?5¡ìoligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) are induced by chemically synthesized siRNAs
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--