Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Type I interferon [corrected] gene induction by the interferon regulatory factorfamily of transcription factors.
Affiliation
Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine,University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
Abstract
Induction of type I interferons (IFNs) by viruses and other pathogens is crucialfor innate immunity, and it is mediated by the activation of pattern-recognitionreceptors, such as Toll-like receptors and cytosolic receptors such as RIG-I andMDA5. The type I IFN induction is primarily controlled at the genetranscriptional level, wherein a family of transcription factors, interferonregulatory factors (IRFs), plays central roles. Here, we summarize the recentstudies on IRFs, providing a paradigm of how genes are ingeniously regulatedduring immune responses. We also consider some evolutional aspects on theIFN-IRF system.
PMID
16979567
|
Entity
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DDX58:viral RNA:MAVS
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e11
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IFIH1:viral RNA:MAVS
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e12
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csml-variable:Double
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CpG motif
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e80
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TLR9:CpGmotif
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e81
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m84
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TLR9:ssRNA
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e83
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e84
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e86
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csml-variable:Double
m88
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Type I IFN genes
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e87
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csml-variable:Double
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IRF-1:MyD88
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--
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csml-variable:Double
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mRNA
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e90
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NF-kappaB{active}
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--
csml-variable:Double
m94
10
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TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
IRAK-4:IRAK-1:Ikk-alpha
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e94
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--
csml-variable:Double
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TLR9:CpG motif:MyD88:IRF7{active}:TRAF6
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e95
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--
csml-variable:Double
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--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m41844*m5*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,15208624,16116171 Recently, RIG-I and MDA5 have been identified as essential cytosolic receptors for intracellular viral RNAs and synthetic dsRNAs, mediating the TLR-independent induction of type I IFN genes
--
and
mass
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coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m12*m1872*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,16858409 Considering the fact that TRAF3 interacts with IPS-1 , TRAF3 probably provides a link between IPS-1 and TBK1 (Figure 2). PMID: 16979567 The conformational change promotes the interaction between the RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs and the CARD-containing adaptor protein IPS-1, which is located on the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the activation of TBK1 via TRAF3 as well as IKK complex via FADD, RIP1 (not depicted), and TRAF6.
p11
p11
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
m18*m3902*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 The conformational change promotes the interaction between the RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs and the CARD-containing adaptor protein IPS-1, which is located on the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the activation of TBK1 via TRAF3 as well as IKK complex via FADD, RIP1 (not depicted), and TRAF6.
p11
p12
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
m20*m3902*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 The conformational change promotes the interaction between the RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs and the CARD-containing adaptor protein IPS-1, which is located on the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the activation of TBK1 via TRAF3 as well as IKK complex via FADD, RIP1 (not depicted), and TRAF6.
p13
p13
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
m18*m1599*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567, 15210742 Inducible I¦ÊB kinase (IKKi; also known as IKK¦Å), which is structurally related to TBK1, was also shown to phosphorylate IRF3 and IRF7 in vitro; however, gene-targeting studies revealed that the contribution of IKKi to the cytosolic pathway is minor
p14
p14
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
m21*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Activated TBK1 induces the phosphorylation (P¡Ý) of IRF3 and IRF7, resulting in their homo- or heterodimerization.
p14
p15
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
m21*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Activated TBK1 induces the phosphorylation (P¡Ý) of IRF3 and IRF7, resulting in their homo- or heterodimerization.
p13
p16
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
m977*m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567, 15210742 Inducible I¦ÊB kinase (IKKi; also known as IKK¦Å), which is structurally related to TBK1, was also shown to phosphorylate IRF3 and IRF7 in vitro; however, gene-targeting studies revealed that the contribution of IKKi to the cytosolic pathway is minor
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
m19324*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Activated TBK1 induces the phosphorylation (P¡Ý) of IRF3 and IRF7, resulting in their homo- or heterodimerization. 18) PMID: 16979567 Phosphorylated IRF3 forms homodimers and induces IFN-¦Â and Cxcl10 genes
p17
p18
cso30:i:ME_Dimerization
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
m19324*m19325*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Activated TBK1 induces the phosphorylation (P¡Ý) of IRF3 and IRF7, resulting in their homo- or heterodimerization.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
m19325*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Activated TBK1 induces the phosphorylation (P¡Ý) of IRF3 and IRF7, resulting in their homo- or heterodimerization.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
m6*m68199*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 This CARD mediates CARD-CARD interactions with RIG-I and MDA5 and transmits downstream signaling
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
m25*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-beta.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
m24*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-beta.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-beta. PMID: 16979567 The activated TBK1 mediates phosphorylation of serine residues in IRF3, rather than those in IRF7, inducing its dimerization and entry into the nucleus where it induces the transcription of the IFN-¦Â gene.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-¦Â
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-¦Â
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-¦Â 18) PMID: 16979567 Phosphorylated IRF3 forms homodimers and induces IFN-¦Â and Cxcl10 genes
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-¦Â
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-¦Â
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 These dimers then translocate to the nucleus and induce chemokines (including CXCL10) as well as small amounts of IFN-¦Â PMID: 16979567 The activated TBK1 mediates phosphorylation of serine residues in IRF3, rather than those in IRF7, inducing its dimerization and entry into the nucleus where it induces the transcription of the IFN-¦Â gene. PMID: 16979567 In a similar way to the TLR4 signaling, TLR3 activates the Trif- (TRAM is not involved), TBK1-, and IRF3-dependent pathway to induce IFN-¦Â gene
p29
p29
cso30:i:ME_Transcription
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
m93217*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Secreted IFN-¦Â then stimulates type I IFN receptor (heterodimer of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) in an autocrine and a paracrine fashion, leading to activation of ISGF3 (heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9) and the transcription of IRF7 gene.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m5*m76904*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,15208624,16116171 Recently, RIG-I and MDA5 have been identified as essential cytosolic receptors for intracellular viral RNAs and synthetic dsRNAs, mediating the TLR-independent induction of type I IFN genes
p30
p30
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
m29*m1636*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Secreted IFN-¦Â then stimulates type I IFN receptor (heterodimer of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) in an autocrine and a paracrine fashion, leading to activation of ISGF3 (heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9) and the transcription of IRF7 gene.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
m30*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Secreted IFN-¦Â then stimulates type I IFN receptor (heterodimer of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) in an autocrine and a paracrine fashion, leading to activation of ISGF3 (heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9) and the transcription of IRF7 gene.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Secreted IFN-¦Â then stimulates type I IFN receptor (heterodimer of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) in an autocrine and a paracrine fashion, leading to activation of ISGF3 (heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9) and the transcription of IRF7 gene.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
m33*m4512*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,11314014 In addition, other viruses produce proteins that can interact with CBP/p300 and alter their interaction with IRFs, such as the vIRF-1 protein of human herpesvirus 8
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
m35*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,9649509,12186937,15664159 Some viruses produce a protein that directly binds to and prevents the transactivation ability of IRF3 or IRF7, including the E6 oncoprotein of the human papillomavirus, the NSP1 of the rotavirus , and the RTA protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
m35*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,9649509,12186937,15664159 Some viruses produce a protein that directly binds to and prevents the transactivation ability of IRF3 or IRF7, including the E6 oncoprotein of the human papillomavirus, the NSP1 of the rotavirus , and the RTA protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
m37*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,9649509,12186937,15664159 Some viruses produce a protein that directly binds to and prevents the transactivation ability of IRF3 or IRF7, including the E6 oncoprotein of the human papillomavirus, the NSP1 of the rotavirus , and the RTA protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
m980*m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,9649509,12186937,15664159 Some viruses produce a protein that directly binds to and prevents the transactivation ability of IRF3 or IRF7, including the E6 oncoprotein of the human papillomavirus, the NSP1 of the rotavirus , and the RTA protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
m41*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,9649509,12186937,15664159 Some viruses produce a protein that directly binds to and prevents the transactivation ability of IRF3 or IRF7, including the E6 oncoprotein of the human papillomavirus, the NSP1 of the rotavirus , and the RTA protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
m41*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,9649509,12186937,15664159 Some viruses produce a protein that directly binds to and prevents the transactivation ability of IRF3 or IRF7, including the E6 oncoprotein of the human papillomavirus, the NSP1 of the rotavirus , and the RTA protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m13*m68199*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 This CARD mediates CARD-CARD interactions with RIG-I and MDA5 and transmits downstream signaling
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
m44*m68199*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,: 16177806 Interestingly, it has been shown that hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural proteins 3 and 4A (NS3/4A) cleave IPS-1, thereby inhibiting the RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated activation of IRF3 and/or IRF7 during HCV infection
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m48*m157177*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 TLR4 is the only receptor that can induce type I IFN (IFN-¦Â, not IFN-¦Á) gene by recognizing nonnucleic acid ligands, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
p42
p42
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
m3961*m6438*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567, 10359581 TLR4 is expressed on the plasma membrane, and the extracellular portion of TLR4 associates with MD-2, which is prerequisite for TLR4 oligomerization and downstream signaling upon the recognition of LPS
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
m46*0.1
nodelay
--
0
14) PMID: 16979567, 10359581 TLR4 is expressed on the plasma membrane, and the extracellular portion of TLR4 associates with MD-2, which is prerequisite for TLR4 oligomerization and downstream signaling upon the recognition of LPS
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
m47*m2828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
pMID: 1679567,15895089 The TLR4-MD-2 complex requires the aid of CD14, a high-affinity receptor for LPS, for the recognition of LPS and subsequent activation of the IFN-¦Â induction pathway
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
m49*m19005*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,15210742,12872135,14556004 The receptor complex composed of CD14, TLR4, and MD-2 stimulates the signaling pathway through the adaptor proteins TRAM and Trif, which leads to the activation of TBK1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
m63*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 1679567,15210742,12872135,14556004 The receptor complex composed of CD14, TLR4, and MD-2 stimulates the signaling pathway through the adaptor proteins TRAM and Trif, which leads to the activation of TBK1
p47
p47
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
m64*m65*m3902*m1872*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Trif associates with TBK1 through TRAF3 and NAP1, which mediates the phosphorylation of IRF3. Phosphorylated IRF3 forms homodimers and induces IFN-¦Â and Cxcl10 genes
p48
p48
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
m66*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
17) PMID: 16979567 Trif associates with TBK1 through TRAF3 and NAP1, which mediates the phosphorylation of IRF3. Phosphorylated IRF3 forms homodimers and induces IFN-¦Â and Cxcl10 genes
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
m3965*m70*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567, 11607032,15711573,15558055 TLR3 recognizes poly(I:C) and probably viral dsRNAs derived from dsRNA viruses such as reovirus, or ssRNA viruses such as West Nile virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and EMCV
p5
p5
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m11*m180*m183*m1814*m15*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,16127453,16153868 IPS-1 has been shown to interact with several signaling proteins, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), TRAF6, Fas-associated protein with the death domain (FADD), and receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP1)
p49
p50
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
m3965*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567, 11607032,15711573,15558055 TLR3 recognizes poly(I:C) and probably viral dsRNAs derived from dsRNA viruses such as reovirus, or ssRNA viruses such as West Nile virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and EMCV PMID: 16979567, 15961631 Crystallographic studies have shown that TLR3 directly binds to dsRNA and forms a dimer to activate downstream signaling
p51
p51
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
stoichiometry:c172 : 1
m183*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,14530355 It was first shown that TRAF6 interacts with the N-terminal region of Trif through its TRAF domain
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
m19314*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567, 15961631 Crystallographic studies have shown that TLR3 directly binds to dsRNA and forms a dimer to activate downstream signaling
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
m72*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,15502848 The recognition of dsRNA by TLR3 results in the phosphorylation of two specific tyrosines (Tyr759 and Tyr858) within the cytoplasmic tail of TLR3 and the recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to the receptor
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
m73*m74*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567, 15502848 The recognition of dsRNA by TLR3 results in the phosphorylation of two specific tyrosines (Tyr759 and Tyr858) within the cytoplasmic tail of TLR3 and the recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to the receptor
p55
p55
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
m75*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 In a similar way to the TLR4 signaling, TLR3 activates the Trif- (TRAM is not involved), TBK1-, and IRF3-dependent pathway to induce IFN-¦Â gene
p55
p56
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c155 : 1
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
m76*m3902*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 In a similar way to the TLR4 signaling, TLR3 activates the Trif- (TRAM is not involved), TBK1-, and IRF3-dependent pathway to induce IFN-¦Â gene
p55
p57
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
m21*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 In a similar way to the TLR4 signaling, TLR3 activates the Trif- (TRAM is not involved), TBK1-, and IRF3-dependent pathway to induce IFN-¦Â gene
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
m70*m77*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,16858407 It was also reported that the tyrosine kinase c-Src is activated by poly(I:C), associates with TLR3, and is essential for dsRNA-induced IRF3 activation
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
stoichiometry:c165 : 1
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
m78*m3965*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
p5
p6
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
m12*m1814*m15*m180*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,16127453,16153868 IPS-1 has been shown to interact with several signaling proteins, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), TRAF6, Fas-associated protein with the death domain (FADD), and receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP1)
p60
p60
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c169 : 1
stoichiometry:c170 : 1
stoichiometry:c171 : 1
m15*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567, 15064760 RIP1 interacts with Trif through the C-terminal RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) of Trif
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c173 : 1
stoichiometry:c174 : 1
stoichiometry:c175 : 1
m19828*m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
) PMID: 16979567, 14563635, 12900525 DNA viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) contain many unmethylated CpG motifs in their genome, which are recognized by TLR9 and induce robust type I IFN production in pDCs
p62
p62
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c176 : 1
stoichiometry:c177 : 1
stoichiometry:c178 : 1
m84*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,14976261,14976262 Likewise, TLR7 signaling is essential for type I IFN induction in response to influenza virus or VSV infection by recognizing viral genomic ssRNA
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c179 : 1
stoichiometry:c180 : 1
stoichiometry:c181 : 1
m1572*m83*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 In contrast to TLR3- or TLR4-mediated Trif-dependent IFN gene induction, the TLR9 subfamily members exclusively utilize MyD88 as the signaling adaptor.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c182 : 1
stoichiometry:c183 : 1
stoichiometry:c184 : 1
m86*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,15492225,15361868 MyD88 directly interacts with IRF7 (not with IRF3) through its death domain
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c185 : 1
stoichiometry:c186 : 1
stoichiometry:c187 : 1
m87*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,15492225, 15361868 IRF7 also interacts with TRAF6, another adaptor molecule functioning downstream of MyD88, and the overexpression of TRAF6 induces type I IFN genes through the activation of IRF7
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c188 : 1
stoichiometry:c189 : 1
m88*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,15492225, 15361868 IRF7 also interacts with TRAF6, another adaptor molecule functioning downstream of MyD88, and the overexpression of TRAF6 induces type I IFN genes through the activation of IRF7
p67
p67
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c190 : 1
stoichiometry:c191 : 1
stoichiometry:c192 : 1
m970*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,17018642 Similarly to IRF7, IRF1 directly interacts with MyD88 PMID: 16979567 Thus, the IRF1 induced by IFN-¦Ã binds to MyD88 and is modified by unidentified signaling molecule(s) to migrate into the nucleus and activate gene induction
p68
p68
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c193 : 1
stoichiometry:c195 : 1
stoichiometry:c194 : 1
m93359*m1639*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 As opposed to IRF7, which is induced by type I IFN, IRF1 is strongly induced by IFN-¦Ã signaling.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c196 : 1
stoichiometry:c197 : 1
stoichiometry:c198 : 1
m90*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Thus, the IRF1 induced by IFN-¦Ã binds to MyD88 and is modified by unidentified signaling molecule(s) to migrate into the nucleus and activate gene induction
p7
p7
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
m14*m207*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 The conformational change promotes the interaction between the RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs and the CARD-containing adaptor protein IPS-1, which is located on the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the activation of TBK1 via TRAF3 as well as IKK complex via FADD, RIP1 (not depicted), and TRAF6.T
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c199 : 1
stoichiometry:c200 : 1
m91*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Thus, the IRF1 induced by IFN-¦Ã binds to MyD88 and is modified by unidentified signaling molecule(s) to migrate into the nucleus and activate gene induction
p71
p71
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c201 : 1
stoichiometry:c202 : 1
m3373*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,11961557 Furthermore, IFN-beta gene is induced by several nonviral agents such as the receptor activator of NF-¦ÊB ligand (RANKL), which activates NF-¦ÊB, c-JUN, and c-Fos, but not IRFs
p72
p72
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c203 : 1
stoichiometry:c204 : 1
stoichiometry:c205 : 1
m3373*m93*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,11961557 Furthermore, IFN-beta gene is induced by several nonviral agents such as the receptor activator of NF-¦ÊB ligand (RANKL), which activates NF-¦ÊB, c-JUN, and c-Fos, but not IRFs
p72
p73
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c206 : 1
stoichiometry:c207 : 1
stoichiometry:c208 : 1
m3373*m95*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,11961557 Furthermore, IFN-beta gene is induced by several nonviral agents such as the receptor activator of NF-¦ÊB ligand (RANKL), which activates NF-¦ÊB, c-JUN, and c-Fos, but not IRFs
p72
p74
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c209 : 1
stoichiometry:c210 : 1
stoichiometry:c211 : 1
m3373*m221*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,11961557 Furthermore, IFN-beta gene is induced by several nonviral agents such as the receptor activator of NF-¦ÊB ligand (RANKL), which activates NF-¦ÊB, c-JUN, and c-Fos, but not IRFs
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c212 : 1
stoichiometry:c213 : 1
stoichiometry:c214 : 1
m98*m88*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 Upon TLR7 or TLR9 (expressed in endosomes) stimulation, IRF7 interacting with MyD88 is activated by the IRAK4-IRAK1-IKKalpha kinase cascade.
p7
p8
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m16*m207*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567 The conformational change promotes the interaction between the RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs and the CARD-containing adaptor protein IPS-1, which is located on the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the activation of TBK1 via TRAF3 as well as IKK complex via FADD, RIP1 (not depicted), and TRAF6.T
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
m11*m1872*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979567,16858409 Considering the fact that TRAF3 interacts with IPS-1 , TRAF3 probably provides a link between IPS-1 and TBK1 (Figure 2). PMID: 16979567 The conformational change promotes the interaction between the RIG-I and MDA5 CARDs and the CARD-containing adaptor protein IPS-1, which is located on the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the activation of TBK1 via TRAF3 as well as IKK complex via FADD, RIP1 (not depicted), and TRAF6.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--