Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Innate immune recognition of, and regulation by, DNA.
Affiliation
Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science andTechnology Agency (JST) and Department of Host Defense, Research Institute forMicrobial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,Japan.
Abstract
DNA in microbes or host cells is normally sequestered from the immune system,and therefore inert, but becomes an active immunostimulatory molecule duringinfection or tissue damage. Recent evidence suggests that Toll-like receptor(TLR)9, currently the only known immune sensor for DNA, recognizes more diverseelements in its ligand than initially thought, and must cooperate withadditional host factors to provoke an optimal innate immune response in thephysiological environment. Moreover, the innate immune system possesses aTLR9-independent, as-yet-undefined intracellular recognition machinery ofdouble-stranded DNA that induces type I interferons through distinct signalingpathways. TLR9-dependent and TLR9-independent immune recognition of DNA mightplay crucial roles in DNA-associated protective immunity and in pathologicalautoimmunity.
PMID
16979939
|
Entity
TLR9
--
G013255
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m95738
10
infinite
0
TRANSFAC | G013255 |
--
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
TRAF6
--
MO000000212
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m183
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR001841 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000212 |
--
chemokines
--
MO000000265
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m211
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000265 |
--
TNF-alpha
--
MO000000289
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m230
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR003636 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000289 |
--
IKK-i
--
MO000016608
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1599
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016608 |
--
IFN Type I
--
MO000016658
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1634
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016658 |
--
IFNgamma
--
MO000016665
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1639
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR002069 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016665 |
--
FcgammaRIII
--
MO000018212
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2893
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000018212 |
--
FcgammaRIIA
--
MO000018215
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m2896
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000018215 |
--
dsRNA
--
MO000022224
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m119368
10
infinite
0
--
TLR9
--
MO000042012
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19828
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000042012 |
--
Osteopontin
--
MO000061307
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36205
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000061307 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
--
e11
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA
--
e12
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9
--
e13
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
hemozoin
--
e14
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
hemozoin: TLR9
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
Host DNA: Anti-DNA antibody
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
Host DNA: Anti-DNA antibody: FcgammaRIII
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
Host DNA: Anti-DNA antibody: FcgammaRIIA
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
Host DNA: Anti-DNA antibody: CXCL16
--
e19
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Brucella abortus DNA
--
e20
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
TLR2: TLR9
--
e22
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Brucella abortus DNA : TLR2: TLR9
--
e23
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
cytomegalovirus DNA: TLR3: TLR9
--
e25
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
DNA (non IgG complex)
--
e26
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
DNA (non IgG complex):
--
e27
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
IKK-alpha:IKK-beta:IKK-gamma
--
e28
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016661 |
--
IFNbeta: IFNbeta receptor
--
e29
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma: IFNgamma receptor
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
IFNbeta receptor
--
e31
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma receptor
--
e32
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
TGFalpha: TGFalpha receptor
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
TGFalpha receptor
--
e34
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
GM-CSF: GM-CSFR
--
e35
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9: MyD88
--
e36
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9: MyD88: IRAK-4: TRAF6: IRF-5
--
e37
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
TRAF6: TBK1: Ubc13
--
e38
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRF-5
--
e39
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
IKK-alpha:IKK-beta:IKK-gamma {activated}
--
e40
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016661 |
--
NF-kappaB {activated}
--
e41
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
MAPKs {activated}
--
e42
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000077 |
--
IkappaB {activated}
--
e44
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000215 |
--
CpG DNA: TLR9: MyD88: IRAK-4: TRAF6: IRF-5: IRAK-1: IRF-7: TRAF3: IKKalpha: Osteopontin
--
e45
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
10
infinite
0
Affymetrix | 101317_f_at |
Ensembl | ENSMUSG00000070903 |
InterPro | IPR000471 |
MGD | MGI:107668 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/Ifna1 |
RefSeq | NM_010502 |
TRANSPATH | MO000032829 |
Unigene | Mm.57127 |
UniProt | P01572 |
--
IRF-7 {p} (nuclear)
--
e47
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-7 {p}
--
e48
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9: MyD88: IRAK-4: TRAF6: IRF-5: IRAK-1: TRAF3: IKKalpha: Osteopontin
--
e49
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
--
e5
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
--
e6
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
RIG-I
--
e64
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: RIG-I
--
e65
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: Mda-5
--
e67
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
TBK1 {activated}
--
e68
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000019331 |
--
IKK-i {activated}
--
e69
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016608 |
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3 {activated}
--
e71
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008984 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007694 |
--
chemokines
--
e72
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
dsDNA
--
e73
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: RIG-I: MAVS
--
e74
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: Mda-5: MAVS
--
e75
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
0
infinite
0
--
ELAM-1
--
e76
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m79
0
infinite
0
--
CD40L: CD40
--
e77
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m80
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m12*m19828*m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 Currently, Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 is the only known receptor to detect immunostimulatory DNA such as CpG DNA. PMID: 16979939, 16467569, 12119352, 16670302 It is of note that a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), possibly class III vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34), which is required for endosome fusion and membrane trafficking [33], has been shown to play a crucial role in internalization of CpG ODNs as well as TLR9-mediated immune activation. PMID: 16979939, 12960360 By contrast, Fcgamma receptor IIa inhibits TLR9-mediated activation if DNA does not form a complex with IgG.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
m2896*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 12960360 By contrast, Fcgamma receptor IIa inhibits TLR9-mediated activation if DNA does not form a complex with IgG.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
m1636*m33*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16791898, 16301648, 15661046 Moreover, growing recent evidence indicates that TLR9 expression and/or function can be upregulated in B cells [53] and other cell types, such as macrophages or cDCs stimulated with IFNbeta [52] or IFNgamma [54 and 55], monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis [56], granulocytes stimulated with granulocyte?macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57 and 58], and even epithelial cells cultured with transforming growth factor (TGFalpha). PMID: 16979939, 16827891 Very recently, Shirota et al. showed that dsDNA-induced IFNbeta was necessary for the production of chemokines and nitric oxide by stimulated macrophages.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m34*m1639*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16791898, 16301648, 15661046 Moreover, growing recent evidence indicates that TLR9 expression and/or function can be upregulated in B cells [53] and other cell types, such as macrophages or cDCs stimulated with IFNbeta [52] or IFNgamma [54 and 55], monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis [56], granulocytes stimulated with granulocyte?macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57 and 58], and even epithelial cells cultured with transforming growth factor (TGFalpha).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16791898, 16301648, 15661046 Moreover, growing recent evidence indicates that TLR9 expression and/or function can be upregulated in B cells [53] and other cell types, such as macrophages or cDCs stimulated with IFNbeta [52] or IFNgamma [54 and 55], monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis [56], granulocytes stimulated with granulocyte?macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57 and 58], and even epithelial cells cultured with transforming growth factor (TGFalpha).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16791898, 16301648, 15661046 Moreover, growing recent evidence indicates that TLR9 expression and/or function can be upregulated in B cells [53] and other cell types, such as macrophages or cDCs stimulated with IFNbeta [52] or IFNgamma [54 and 55], monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis [56], granulocytes stimulated with granulocyte?macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57 and 58], and even epithelial cells cultured with transforming growth factor (TGFalpha).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
m93*m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16791898, 16301648, 15661046 Moreover, growing recent evidence indicates that TLR9 expression and/or function can be upregulated in B cells [53] and other cell types, such as macrophages or cDCs stimulated with IFNbeta [52] or IFNgamma [54 and 55], monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis [56], granulocytes stimulated with granulocyte?macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57 and 58], and even epithelial cells cultured with transforming growth factor (TGFalpha).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16791898, 16301648, 15661046 Moreover, growing recent evidence indicates that TLR9 expression and/or function can be upregulated in B cells [53] and other cell types, such as macrophages or cDCs stimulated with IFNbeta [52] or IFNgamma [54 and 55], monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis [56], granulocytes stimulated with granulocyte?macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57 and 58], and even epithelial cells cultured with transforming growth factor (TGFalpha).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16791898, 16301648, 15661046 Moreover, growing recent evidence indicates that TLR9 expression and/or function can be upregulated in B cells [53] and other cell types, such as macrophages or cDCs stimulated with IFNbeta [52] or IFNgamma [54 and 55], monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis [56], granulocytes stimulated with granulocyte?macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57 and 58], and even epithelial cells cultured with transforming growth factor (TGFalpha).
p18
p18
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
m88*m81*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16791898, 16301648, 15661046 Moreover, growing recent evidence indicates that TLR9 expression and/or function can be upregulated in B cells [53] and other cell types, such as macrophages or cDCs stimulated with IFNbeta [52] or IFNgamma [54 and 55], monocytes infected with Yersinia pestis [56], granulocytes stimulated with granulocyte?macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57 and 58], and even epithelial cells cultured with transforming growth factor (TGFalpha).
p19
p19
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
m13*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16497588 Following TLR9 stimulation, MyD88 subsequently associates with IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), IFN regulatory factor (IRF5) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), culminating in the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and/or the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory molecules including cytokines and chemokines.
p2
p2
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m19828*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15630134 Moreover, a heme polymer, so-called hemozoin, generated as a heme metabolite during malarial infection of red blood cells, was found to be a unique non-DNA TLR9 ligand.
p20
p20
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
m38*m17258*m979*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16497588 Following TLR9 stimulation, MyD88 subsequently associates with IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), IFN regulatory factor (IRF5) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), culminating in the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and/or the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory molecules including cytokines and chemokines.
p21
p21
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m1573*m6443*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16186825, 16862162 TRAF6 forms a complex with ubiquitin-conjugating (Ubc) enzymes such as Ubc13, and activates TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and both Ubc13 and TAK1 are necessary for TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through the canonical IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex and MAP kinase.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16186825, 16862162 TRAF6 forms a complex with ubiquitin-conjugating (Ubc) enzymes such as Ubc13, and activates TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and both Ubc13 and TAK1 are necessary for TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through the canonical IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex and MAP kinase.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
m30*m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16186825, 16862162 TRAF6 forms a complex with ubiquitin-conjugating (Ubc) enzymes such as Ubc13, and activates TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and both Ubc13 and TAK1 are necessary for TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through the canonical IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex and MAP kinase.
p24
p24
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
m69*m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16186825, 16862162 TRAF6 forms a complex with ubiquitin-conjugating (Ubc) enzymes such as Ubc13, and activates TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and both Ubc13 and TAK1 are necessary for TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through the canonical IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex and MAP kinase.
p25
p25
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
m26*m46*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16186825, 16862162 TRAF6 forms a complex with ubiquitin-conjugating (Ubc) enzymes such as Ubc13, and activates TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and both Ubc13 and TAK1 are necessary for TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through the canonical IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex and MAP kinase.
p26
p26
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
m219*m44*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16186825, 16862162 TRAF6 forms a complex with ubiquitin-conjugating (Ubc) enzymes such as Ubc13, and activates TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and both Ubc13 and TAK1 are necessary for TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through the canonical IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex and MAP kinase.
p27
p27
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m186*m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16186825, 16862162 TRAF6 forms a complex with ubiquitin-conjugating (Ubc) enzymes such as Ubc13, and activates TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and both Ubc13 and TAK1 are necessary for TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through the canonical IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex and MAP kinase.
p28
p28
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
m39*m184*m980*m1872*m181*m36205*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 In pDCs, additional molecules such as IRF7, IRAK1, TRAF3, IKK alpha and osteopontin (Opn-i) are recruited to the MyD88-containing complex, leading to robust production of type I IFNs. PMID: 16979939, 16424890 In addition to the NF-kappaB-dependent signaling pathways controlled by these IKK complexes, TLR9 stimulation of pDCs by D/A-type CpG DNA activates another signaling pathway, resulting in type I IFN (IFNalpha and IFNbeta) production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 IRF7 is phosphorylated by IRAK1 and translocates to the nucleus.
p3
p3
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m16*m2893*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15197227, 15668740, 16849465 Supporting this notion, these processes can be further enhanced either by coupling microbial or host DNA with anti-DNA antibody [through Fcgamma receptor IIa (human) and III (mouse)] [42 and 43], or by encapsulation with cationic liposomes [44], or by a certain scavenger receptor (such as CXCL16 [45]).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
m63*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 IRF7 is phosphorylated by IRAK1 and translocates to the nucleus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
m47*m93216*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 In pDCs, additional molecules such as IRF7, IRAK1, TRAF3, IKK alpha and osteopontin (Opn-i) are recruited to the MyD88-containing complex, leading to robust production of type I IFNs. PMID: 16979939, 16424890 In addition to the NF-kappaB-dependent signaling pathways controlled by these IKK complexes, TLR9 stimulation of pDCs by D/A-type CpG DNA activates another signaling pathway, resulting in type I IFN (IFNalpha and IFNbeta) production. PMID: 16979939, 16306936, 16306937, 16612387 Furthermore, TRAF3, IKKalpha and osteopontin, all of which are able to associate with MyD88, have recently been reported to be non-redundant for TLR9-mediated pDC production of IFNalpha [79, 80 and 81], suggesting that a large and unique signaling complex in pDCs plays an important role in robust TLR9-mediated IFNalpha production.
p32
p32
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
m47*m93217*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 In pDCs, additional molecules such as IRF7, IRAK1, TRAF3, IKK alpha and osteopontin (Opn-i) are recruited to the MyD88-containing complex, leading to robust production of type I IFNs. PMID: 16979939, 16424890 In addition to the NF-kappaB-dependent signaling pathways controlled by these IKK complexes, TLR9 stimulation of pDCs by D/A-type CpG DNA activates another signaling pathway, resulting in type I IFN (IFNalpha and IFNbeta) production. PMID: 16979939, 16413926 As expected, IRF3 was a necessary transcription factor for dsDNA-induced IFNbeta. PMID: 16979939, 16715101 CpG ODNs activate cDCs to secrete IL-15 to upregulate CD40 expression, whereas CpG-activated pDCs further enhance cDC production of IL-12 through CD40 interaction with its ligand CD40L.
p33
p33
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
m66*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16286919, 16625202 Moreover, RIG-I and Mda-5, recently described intracellular receptors for RNA virus and/or dsRNA [82], were not required for B-DNA recognition.
p34
p34
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
m76904*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16286919, 16625202 Moreover, RIG-I and Mda-5, recently described intracellular receptors for RNA virus and/or dsRNA [82], were not required for B-DNA recognition.
p35
p35
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
m119368*m3902*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 By contrast, dsRNA-induced type I IFN production is mediated by TBK1 and partially by IKKi, a second non-canonical IKK family member.
p36
p36
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
m119368*m1599*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 By contrast, dsRNA-induced type I IFN production is mediated by TBK1 and partially by IKKi, a second non-canonical IKK family member.
p37
p37
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
m73*m72*m71*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 By contrast, dsRNA-induced type I IFN production is mediated by TBK1 and partially by IKKi, a second non-canonical IKK family member. PMID: 16979939 Further studies are required to identify adaptor molecules and receptor molecules that mediate B-DNA-induced type I IFN production.
p38
p38
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
m3902*m68*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16286919 Nevertheless, B-DNA activates IRF3 and the IFNbeta promoter through a TBK1/IKKi-dependent pathway, whereas substantial NF-kappaB activation was observed independently of TBK1/IKKi.
p39
p39
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
m1599*m68*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16286919 Nevertheless, B-DNA activates IRF3 and the IFNbeta promoter through a TBK1/IKKi-dependent pathway, whereas substantial NF-kappaB activation was observed independently of TBK1/IKKi.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
m16*m2896*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15197227, 15668740, 16849465 Supporting this notion, these processes can be further enhanced either by coupling microbial or host DNA with anti-DNA antibody [through Fcgamma receptor IIa (human) and III (mouse)] [42 and 43], or by encapsulation with cationic liposomes [44], or by a certain scavenger receptor (such as CXCL16 [45]).
p40
p40
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
m977*m71*m72*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16286919 Nevertheless, B-DNA activates IRF3 and the IFNbeta promoter through a TBK1/IKKi-dependent pathway, whereas substantial NF-kappaB activation was observed independently of TBK1/IKKi.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m74*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16286919 Nevertheless, B-DNA activates IRF3 and the IFNbeta promoter through a TBK1/IKKi-dependent pathway, whereas substantial NF-kappaB activation was observed independently of TBK1/IKKi. PMID: 16979939, 16413926 As expected, IRF3 was a necessary transcription factor for dsDNA-induced IFNbeta.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
m74*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 This results in the robust production of type I IFNs and chemokines, and the upregulation of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules.
p43
p43
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
m93228*m74*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 This results in the robust production of type I IFNs and chemokines, and the upregulation of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
m75*m74*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939 This results in the robust production of type I IFNs and chemokines, and the upregulation of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules.
p45
p45
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
m76*m93309*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15879108, Yasuda et al. demonstrated that transfection with mammalian or bacterial dsDNA, but not ssODNs, using the transfection reagent DOTAP (which is known to retain DNA in the endosomes), activates macrophages and DCs to upregulate co-stimulatory markers and produce substantial amounts of TNFalpha or IL-6 in a TLR9-independent manner.
p46
p46
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
m76*m93248*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15879108, Yasuda et al. demonstrated that transfection with mammalian or bacterial dsDNA, but not ssODNs, using the transfection reagent DOTAP (which is known to retain DNA in the endosomes), activates macrophages and DCs to upregulate co-stimulatory markers and produce substantial amounts of TNFalpha or IL-6 in a TLR9-independent manner.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
m67*m68199*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16424890, 16286919 IPS-1 (also known as MAVS, Cardif or VISA), an essential adaptor molecule for RIG-I- and Mda-5-mediated RNA recognition [78], was shown to be involved in B-DNA-transfected 293 cell activation of IFNbeta and the ELAM-1 (NF-kappaB) promoter.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
m31*m75*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16827891 Very recently, Shirota et al. showed that dsDNA-induced IFNbeta was necessary for the production of chemokines and nitric oxide by stimulated macrophages.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16827891 Very recently, Shirota et al. showed that dsDNA-induced IFNbeta was necessary for the production of chemokines and nitric oxide by stimulated macrophages.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
m16*m45147*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15197227, 15668740, 16849465 Supporting this notion, these processes can be further enhanced either by coupling microbial or host DNA with anti-DNA antibody [through Fcgamma receptor IIa (human) and III (mouse)] [42 and 43], or by encapsulation with cationic liposomes [44], or by a certain scavenger receptor (such as CXCL16 [45]).
p50
p50
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
m977*m76*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16413926 As expected, IRF3 was a necessary transcription factor for dsDNA-induced IFNbeta.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
stoichiometry:c155 : 1
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
m68199*m70*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16424890, 16286919 IPS-1 (also known as MAVS, Cardif or VISA), an essential adaptor molecule for RIG-I- and Mda-5-mediated RNA recognition [78], was shown to be involved in B-DNA-transfected 293 cell activation of IFNbeta and the ELAM-1 (NF-kappaB) promoter.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
m77*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16424890, 16286919 IPS-1 (also known as MAVS, Cardif or VISA), an essential adaptor molecule for RIG-I- and Mda-5-mediated RNA recognition [78], was shown to be involved in B-DNA-transfected 293 cell activation of IFNbeta and the ELAM-1 (NF-kappaB) promoter.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
m78*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16424890, 16286919 IPS-1 (also known as MAVS, Cardif or VISA), an essential adaptor molecule for RIG-I- and Mda-5-mediated RNA recognition [78], was shown to be involved in B-DNA-transfected 293 cell activation of IFNbeta and the ELAM-1 (NF-kappaB) promoter.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
m78*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16424890, 16286919 IPS-1 (also known as MAVS, Cardif or VISA), an essential adaptor molecule for RIG-I- and Mda-5-mediated RNA recognition [78], was shown to be involved in B-DNA-transfected 293 cell activation of IFNbeta and the ELAM-1 (NF-kappaB) promoter.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
m77*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16424890, 16286919 IPS-1 (also known as MAVS, Cardif or VISA), an essential adaptor molecule for RIG-I- and Mda-5-mediated RNA recognition [78], was shown to be involved in B-DNA-transfected 293 cell activation of IFNbeta and the ELAM-1 (NF-kappaB) promoter.
p56
p56
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
stoichiometry:c169 : 1
stoichiometry:c181 : 1
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
m47*m93589*m80*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15057783, 16763660 In the best-characterized animal model, in which CpG ODNs trigger a TLR9-mediated protective innate immune response to various infectious agents such as Listeria monocytogenes 3 and 5, for example, the protection requires DC production of IL-12, IFNgamma and IL-15, but not IL-18 or type I IFNs.
p57
p57
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
stoichiometry:c170 : 1
stoichiometry:c165 : 1
m47*m93423*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15057783, 16763660 In the best-characterized animal model, in which CpG ODNs trigger a TLR9-mediated protective innate immune response to various infectious agents such as Listeria monocytogenes 3 and 5, for example, the protection requires DC production of IL-12, IFNgamma and IL-15, but not IL-18 or type I IFNs.
p58
p58
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c172 : 1
stoichiometry:c176 : 1
stoichiometry:c171 : 1
m95141*m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 15057783, 16763660 In the best-characterized animal model, in which CpG ODNs trigger a TLR9-mediated protective innate immune response to various infectious agents such as Listeria monocytogenes 3 and 5, for example, the protection requires DC production of IL-12, IFNgamma and IL-15, but not IL-18 or type I IFNs. PMID: 16979939, 16715101 CpG ODNs activate cDCs to secrete IL-15 to upregulate CD40 expression, whereas CpG-activated pDCs further enhance cDC production of IL-12 through CD40 interaction with its ligand CD40L.
p59
p59
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c173 : 1
stoichiometry:c174 : 1
m1956*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16715101 CpG ODNs activate cDCs to secrete IL-15 to upregulate CD40 expression, whereas CpG-activated pDCs further enhance cDC production of IL-12 through CD40 interaction with its ligand CD40L.
p6
p6
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
m20*m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16365150, 16148144, 14993594 urthermore, TLR9 was found to cooperate with TLR2 to combat intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis [46] and Brucella abortus [47], and with TLR3 against mouse cytomegaloviru.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c177 : 1
stoichiometry:c175 : 1
m93612*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16715101 CpG ODNs activate cDCs to secrete IL-15 to upregulate CD40 expression, whereas CpG-activated pDCs further enhance cDC production of IL-12 through CD40 interaction with its ligand CD40L.
p61
p61
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c178 : 1
stoichiometry:c179 : 1
stoichiometry:c180 : 1
m1837*m1845*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16715101 CpG ODNs activate cDCs to secrete IL-15 to upregulate CD40 expression, whereas CpG-activated pDCs further enhance cDC production of IL-12 through CD40 interaction with its ligand CD40L.
p7
p7
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
m24*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16365150, 16148144, 14993594 urthermore, TLR9 was found to cooperate with TLR2 to combat intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis [46] and Brucella abortus [47], and with TLR3 against mouse cytomegaloviru.
p8
p8
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
m19828*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16365150, 16148144, 14993594 urthermore, TLR9 was found to cooperate with TLR2 to combat intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis [46] and Brucella abortus [47], and with TLR3 against mouse cytomegaloviru.
p9
p9
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
m19828*m3965*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 16979939, 16365150, 16148144, 14993594 urthermore, TLR9 was found to cooperate with TLR2 to combat intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis [46] and Brucella abortus [47], and with TLR3 against mouse cytomegaloviru.
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--