Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
TLR pathways and IFN-regulatory factors: to each its own.
Affiliation
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.mcolonna@pathology.wustl.edu
Abstract
TLR trigger the induction of type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta), providing a crucialmechanism of anti-viral defense. Until recently, TLR were thought to induce typeI IFN responses by activating two transcription factors which belong to theIFN-regulatory factor (IRF) family, IRF-3 and IRF-7. TLR-3 and TLR-4 induceIFN-beta by activating IRF-3; TLR-9 induces IFN-alpha and IFN-beta throughIRF-7, at least when engaged by type A CpG oligonucleotides (CpG-A) inplasmacytoid DC (pDC). In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, itis demonstrated that TLR-9 induces IFN-beta when engaged by type B CpGoligonucleotides (CpG-B) in myeloid DC and macrophages. Remarkably, thisresponse is independent of IRF-3/7 and, in fact, requires another IRF familymember, IRF-1. IRF-1 is recruited by TLR-9 through the adaptor MyD88. Deficiencyof the TLR-9-->IRF-1-->IFN-beta pathway results in impaired anti-viral responsesnot only in vitro but also in vivo. These results demonstrate that TLR induceIFN-alpha or IFN-beta responses by activating distinct IRF, depending on the TLRligand and the cell type. These distinct TLR-IRF pathways may allow the immunesystem to tailor its responses to viral pathogens.
PMID
17273997
|
Entity
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
TNF-alpha
--
MO000000289
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m230
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR003636 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000289 |
--
IRF-3
--
MO000007694
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m977
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008984 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007694 |
--
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
IKK-i
--
MO000016608
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1599
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016608 |
--
TRAF3
--
MO000016963
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1872
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR001841 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016963 |
--
TBK1
--
MO000019331
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m3902
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000019331 |
--
dsRNA
--
MO000022224
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m119368
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000022224 |
--
IRF-3{p}
--
MO000041456
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19324
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041456 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88
--
e11
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
--
e12
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
--
e13
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
--
e14
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-1: IRAK-4
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-1: IRAK-4: IRF-5: TRAF6
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-1: IRAK-4: IRF-5
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB {activated}
--
e18
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
NF-kappaB {nucleus}
--
e19
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB: NF-kappaB target genes
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
RIG-1
--
e21
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: TLR3
--
e22
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand
--
e23
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4
--
e24
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: TLR3: TRIF
--
e25
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: TRIF
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: TLR3: TRIF: TRAF3
--
e27
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: TRIF: TRAF3
--
e28
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: TRIF: TRAF3: TBK1: IKKepsilon
--
e29
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: TLR3: TRIF: TRAF3: TBK1: IKKepsilon
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3: IRF-3 target genes
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
IP-10
--
e33
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides
--
e34
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides
--
e35
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides: TLR9
--
e36
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-B oligonucleotides: TLR9
--
e37
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88
--
e38
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-B oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88
--
e39
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-B oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88: IRF-1
--
e40
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88: TRAF3
--
e41
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88: TRAF3: IRF-7
--
e42
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-B oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88: IRF-1 {activated}
--
e43
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-1 {activated}
--
e44
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR001346 |
TRANSPATH | MO000007685 |
--
IRF-1: IRF-1 target genes
--
e46
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12 p35
--
e47
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88: IRAK-1: IRAK-4
--
e48
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88: IRAK-1: IRAK-4: TRAF6
--
e49
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand
--
e5
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR
--
e6
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
CpG-A oligonucleotides: TLR9: MyD88: TRAF3: IRF-7 {activated}
--
e63
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-7 {activated}
--
e64
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000007702 |
--
IRF-7: IRF target genes
--
e66
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
10
infinite
0
Ensembl | ENSG00000147877 |
HGNC | IFNA7 |
OMIM | 147567 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/IFNA7 |
RefSeq | NM_021057 |
TRANSFAC | G000306 |
Unigene | Hs.282274 |
--
MyD88: IRF-4
--
e68
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: MDA-5
--
e69
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
IPS-1
--
e71
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: RIG-1: IPS-1
--
e72
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: RIG-1: IPS-1: TBK1: IKKepsilon
--
e73
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
Type I IFN receptor
--
e74
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
IFNbeta: Type I IFN receptor
--
e75
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
0
infinite
0
--
Jak1 {activated}
--
e76
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000145 |
--
STATs {activated}
--
e77
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016656 |
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m5*m3962*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 These results demonstrate that TLR induce IFN-alpha or IFN-beta responses by activating distinct IRF, depending on the TLR ligand and the cell type.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. PMID: 17273997 Both NF-kappaB and IRF-5 induce transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12p40).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. PMID: 17273997 Both NF-kappaB and IRF-5 induce transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12p40).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
m93309*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
m93248*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m93589*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes.
p15
p15
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m119368*m3965*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
p16
p16
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
m24*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
m25*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
m18998*m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
m1872*m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m1572*m6*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
m1872*m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
p21
p21
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
m1599*m3902*m29*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
p22
p22
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
m28*m1599*m3902*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
p23
p23
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
m31*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway. PMID: 17273997, 16932750 It has previously been shown that phosphorylation is a critical event in IRF activation.
p24
p24
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
m977*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway. PMID: 17273997, 16932750 It has previously been shown that phosphorylation is a critical event in IRF activation.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
m19324*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The simultaneous activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of IRF and NF-kappaB allows all these transcription factors to bind at the same time to certain gene promoters, providing a tremendous enhancement of gene induction. PMID: 17273997 PMID: 17273997 In all cells, the cytoplasmic sensors of dsRNA, MDA-5 and RIG-I, signal through the mitochondrial protein IPS-1 (interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1), which initiates a TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The simultaneous activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of IRF and NF-kappaB allows all these transcription factors to bind at the same time to certain gene promoters, providing a tremendous enhancement of gene induction. PMID: 17273997 In all cells, the cytoplasmic sensors of dsRNA, MDA-5 and RIG-I, signal through the mitochondrial protein IPS-1 (interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1), which initiates a TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
m33*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In mDC, macrophages and other cells, TLR-3 and TLR-4 trigger a TRIF->TRAF3->TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway. PMID: 17273997 IRF-3 is a transcription factor that induces the IFN-beta gene and other genes, such as, IP-10 (IFN-gamma-induced protein-10. PMID: 17273997 In all cells, the cytoplasmic sensors of dsRNA, MDA-5 and RIG-I, signal through the mitochondrial protein IPS-1 (interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1), which initiates a TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m33*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 IRF-3 is a transcription factor that induces the IFN-beta gene and other genes, such as, IP-10 (IFN-gamma-induced protein-10.
p29
p29
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
m35*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In pDC, CpG-A trigger a TLR-9MyD88TRAF3IRF-7IFN-alpha/beta pathway.
p3
p3
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m184*m17258*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes.
p30
p30
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m36*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997, 17273999 In mDC and macrophages CpG-B trigger a TLR-9->MyD88->IRF-1->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m1572*m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In pDC, CpG-A trigger a TLR-9MyD88TRAF3IRF-7IFN-alpha/beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
m1572*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997, 17273999 In mDC and macrophages CpG-B trigger a TLR-9->MyD88->IRF-1->IFN-beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
m40*m970*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In fact, the authors demonstrate that this pathway requires IRF-1, which is recruited and activated by MyD88. PMID: 17273997, 17018642 The study by Negishi et al. [6] demonstrates that IRF-1 interacts with the middle region of MyD88, overlapping with the region interacting with IRF-5 and IRF-4, but distinct from that binding IRF-7.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
m1872*m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In pDC, CpG-A trigger a TLR-9->MyD88->TRAF3->IRF-7->IFN-alpha/beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
m42*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In pDC, CpG-A trigger a TLR-9->MyD88->TRAF3->IRF-7->IFN-alpha/beta pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The IRF-1/3/7 and the NF-kappaB/IRF-5 pathways converge at the nuclear level to enhance the transcription of type I IFN genes or other genes containing IRF and NF-kappaB binding sites in their promoters (IL-12p35, iNOS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In fact, the authors demonstrate that this pathway requires IRF-1, which is recruited and activated by MyD88.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
m44*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The IRF-1/3/7 and the NF-kappaB/IRF-5 pathways converge at the nuclear level to enhance the transcription of type I IFN genes or other genes containing IRF and NF-kappaB binding sites in their promoters (IL-12p35, iNOS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
m46*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The IRF-1/3/7 and the NF-kappaB/IRF-5 pathways converge at the nuclear level to enhance the transcription of type I IFN genes or other genes containing IRF and NF-kappaB binding sites in their promoters (IL-12p35, iNOS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m183*m18*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The IRF-1/3/7 and the NF-kappaB/IRF-5 pathways converge at the nuclear level to enhance the transcription of type I IFN genes or other genes containing IRF and NF-kappaB binding sites in their promoters (IL-12p35, iNOS). PMID: 17273997 In contrast, when IFN-gamma signaling occurs together with TLR-9 engagement, IRF-1 is not only induced but is also activated and migrates rapidly into the nucleus to mediate efficient induction of IFN-beta, iNOS and IL-12p35.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The IRF-1/3/7 and the NF-kappaB/IRF-5 pathways converge at the nuclear level to enhance the transcription of type I IFN genes or other genes containing IRF and NF-kappaB binding sites in their promoters (IL-12p35, iNOS). PMID: 17273997 In contrast, when IFN-gamma signaling occurs together with TLR-9 engagement, IRF-1 is not only induced but is also activated and migrates rapidly into the nucleus to mediate efficient induction of IFN-beta, iNOS and IL-12p35.
p42
p42
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
m39*m17258*m184*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 Engagement of TLR-9 triggers not only the MyD88->IRF-1->IFN-beta pathway in mDC and the MyD88->IRF-7->IFN-alpha pathway in pDC, but also the MyD88->TRAF6 pathway that activates NF-kappaB in both cell types.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
m183*m49*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 Engagement of TLR-9 triggers not only the MyD88->IRF-1->IFN-beta pathway in mDC and the MyD88->IRF-7->IFN-alpha pathway in pDC, but also the MyD88->TRAF6 pathway that activates NF-kappaB in both cell types.
p44
p44
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
m17*m63*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 Engagement of TLR-9 triggers not only the MyD88->IRF-1->IFN-beta pathway in mDC and the MyD88->IRF-7->IFN-alpha pathway in pDC, but also the MyD88->TRAF6 pathway that activates NF-kappaB in both cell types.
p45
p45
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
m978*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997, 16236719 Moreover, MyD88 also recruits IRF-4, which acts a negative regulator of TLR signaling.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
m43*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 IRF-1 and IRF-7 are recruited and activated through MyD88, which simultaneously triggers a parallel signaling pathway for NF-kappaB and IRF-5 activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. PMID: 17273997, 16932750 Simultaneous activation of IRF-7 by viral infection leads to IRF-7-mediated induction of IFN-alpha.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The IRF-1/3/7 and the NF-kappaB/IRF-5 pathways converge at the nuclear level to enhance the transcription of type I IFN genes or other genes containing IRF and NF-kappaB binding sites in their promoters (IL-12p35, iNOS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m65*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The IRF-1/3/7 and the NF-kappaB/IRF-5 pathways converge at the nuclear level to enhance the transcription of type I IFN genes or other genes containing IRF and NF-kappaB binding sites in their promoters (IL-12p35, iNOS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The IRF-1/3/7 and the NF-kappaB/IRF-5 pathways converge at the nuclear level to enhance the transcription of type I IFN genes or other genes containing IRF and NF-kappaB binding sites in their promoters (IL-12p35, iNOS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
m15*m979*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 also recruits IRF-5 and triggers a TRAF6 signaling pathway that leads to activation of NF-kappaB.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
m67*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 Engagement of TLR-9 triggers not only the MyD88->IRF-1->IFN-beta pathway in mDC and the MyD88->IRF-7->IFN-alpha pathway in pDC, but also the MyD88->TRAF6 pathway that activates NF-kappaB in both cell types. PMID: 17273997, 16932750 Simultaneous activation of IRF-7 by viral infection leads to IRF-7-mediated induction of IFN-alpha.
p51
p51
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
m76904*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 Recent studies have identified pattern recognition receptors distinct from TLR, two of which, RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) and MDA-5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5), are cytosolic RNA helicases that detect viral RNA.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
m119368*m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 Recent studies have identified pattern recognition receptors distinct from TLR, two of which, RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) and MDA-5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5), are cytosolic RNA helicases that detect viral RNA.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
m71*m72*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In all cells, the cytoplasmic sensors of dsRNA, MDA-5 and RIG-I, signal through the mitochondrial protein IPS-1 (interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1), which initiates a TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
p54
p54
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
m73*m1599*m3902*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In all cells, the cytoplasmic sensors of dsRNA, MDA-5 and RIG-I, signal through the mitochondrial protein IPS-1 (interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1), which initiates a TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
p55
p55
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
m74*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In all cells, the cytoplasmic sensors of dsRNA, MDA-5 and RIG-I, signal through the mitochondrial protein IPS-1 (interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1), which initiates a TBK->IKKepsilon->IRF-3->IFN-beta pathway.
p56
p56
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
m1639*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 Importantly, they found that IFN-gamma, despite its ability to induce high levels of IRF-1, does not trigger IRF-1 activation and nuclear translocation, resulting in suboptimal induction of IFN-beta, IL-12p35 and iNOS.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997, 9490414 Since IRF-1 has been shown to control NK- and T-cell development through induction of IL-15 [7], it is plausible that TLR-9 signaling also potentiates IL-15 secretion and IL-15-mediated NK- and T-cell responses to pathogenic infections.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997, 17273999 In mDC and macrophages CpG-B trigger a TLR-9->MyD88->IRF-1->IFN-beta pathway. PMID: 17273997 In contrast, when IFN-gamma signaling occurs together with TLR-9 engagement, IRF-1 is not only induced but is also activated and migrates rapidly into the nucleus to mediate efficient induction of IFN-beta, iNOS and IL-12p35.
p59
p59
cso30:i:CE_CellDifferentiation
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
PMID: 17273997, 9490414 Since IRF-1 has been shown to control NK- and T-cell development through induction of IL-15 [7], it is plausible that TLR-9 signaling also potentiates IL-15 secretion and IL-15-mediated NK- and T-cell responses to pathogenic infections.
p6
p6
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
m16*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m95141*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997, 9490414 Since IRF-1 has been shown to control NK- and T-cell development through induction of IL-15 [7], it is plausible that TLR-9 signaling also potentiates IL-15 secretion and IL-15-mediated NK- and T-cell responses to pathogenic infections.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
m75*m1636*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In virus-infected fibroblasts, IFN-beta has been shown to induce an autocrine-paracrine loop that engages the type I IFN receptors and the JAK/STAT pathway leading to induction of IRF-7.
p62
p62
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
m129*m76*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In virus-infected fibroblasts, IFN-beta has been shown to induce an autocrine-paracrine loop that engages the type I IFN receptors and the JAK/STAT pathway leading to induction of IRF-7.
p63
p63
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
m1633*m77*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In virus-infected fibroblasts, IFN-beta has been shown to induce an autocrine-paracrine loop that engages the type I IFN receptors and the JAK/STAT pathway leading to induction of IRF-7.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
stoichiometry:c165 : 1
m78*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 In virus-infected fibroblasts, IFN-beta has been shown to induce an autocrine-paracrine loop that engages the type I IFN receptors and the JAK/STAT pathway leading to induction of IRF-7.
PMID: 17273997 The simultaneous activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of IRF and NF-kappaB allows all these transcription factors to bind at the same time to certain gene promoters, providing a tremendous enhancement of gene induction.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 The simultaneous activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of IRF and NF-kappaB allows all these transcription factors to bind at the same time to certain gene promoters, providing a tremendous enhancement of gene induction.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17273997 MyD88 recruits various signaling molecules, such as IRAK4 (IL-1R-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and TRAF6 (TNFR-associated factor 6), which leads to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. PMID: 17273997 Both NF-kappaB and IRF-5 induce transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12p40).
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