Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Viral recognition by Toll-like receptors.
Affiliation
Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, United States. barton@berkeley.edu
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have evolved to recognize conserved features ofmicrobial pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Amongthese pathogen classes, viruses are particularly vexing, as they generally lackany uniquely foreign features that easily distinguish them from the host.Consequently, a number of TLR family members have evolved to recognize variousforms of viral nucleic acid. The emergence of this specificity has interestingimplications for how we view the evolution of viral genomes. In this review, Idiscuss the various strategies used by TLRs to recognize viruses as well as theexperimental evidence implicating TLRs in viral immunity.
PMID
17336545
|
Entity
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
IRF-7
--
MO000007702
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m980
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000007702 |
--
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3:TRIF
--
MO000041437
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19305
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041437 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
--
e11
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
TLR7:ssRNA
--
e12
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
TLR8:ssRNA
--
e13
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
Viral protein
--
e14
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4:viral protein
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
TLR2:viral protein
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB{active}
--
e17
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
TLR7:ssRNA:MyD88
--
e19
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
TLR8:ssRNA:MyD88
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:ssRNA:MyD88
--
e21
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-7{active}
--
e22
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000007702 |
--
Type I IFNs
--
e23
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
--
e5
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
--
e6
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpGDNA
--
e9
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m3965*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545,11607032,11130078,14976261,14976262,15034168 TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),TLR9 recognizes nonmethylated CpG motifs in DNA (CpG DNA), and TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)
p10
p10
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m12*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
p10
p11
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
m1572*m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
p10
p12
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m1572*m9*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
p13
p13
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
m20*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
p13
p14
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
m21*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
p13
p15
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
m22*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
p16
p16
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
m20*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
p16
p17
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
m21*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
p16
p18
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
m22*m980*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 In contrast, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 signal through MyD88 and activate NF-KappaB and IRF7.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
m18*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17334565 Both pathways are capable of inducing type I IFNs, but the MyD88-IRF7 pathway appears to function only in pDCs while the Trif pathway appears to function in all cell types.
p1
p2
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m7*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545,11607032,11130078,14976261,14976262,15034168 TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),TLR9 recognizes nonmethylated CpG motifs in DNA (CpG DNA), and TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17334565 Both pathways are capable of inducing type I IFNs, but the MyD88-IRF7 pathway appears to function only in pDCs while the Trif pathway appears to function in all cell types.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17334565 Both pathways are capable of inducing type I IFNs, but the MyD88-IRF7 pathway appears to function only in pDCs while the Trif pathway appears to function in all cell types.
p3
p3
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m10*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545, 11607032, 11130078,14976261,14976262,15034168 TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), TLR9 recognizes nonmethylated CpG motifs in DNA (CpG DNA), and TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)
p3
p4
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m19823*m10*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545, 11607032, 11130078,14976261,14976262,15034168 TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), TLR9 recognizes nonmethylated CpG motifs in DNA (CpG DNA), and TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)
p5
p5
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m14*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 Table 1
p5
p6
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m14*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 Table 1
p7
p7
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m19314*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 TLR3 uses the adaptor Trif to activate the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF3.
p8
p8
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
m19305*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 TLR3 uses the adaptor Trif to activate the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF3.
p8
p9
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
m19305*m977*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17336545 TLR3 uses the adaptor Trif to activate the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF3.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--