Original Literature | Model OverView |
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Publication
Title
Targeting bacterial endotoxin: two sides of a coin.
Affiliation
Department of Surgery, Innate Immunity Research Laboratory, Zurich UniversityHospital, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. herbert.bosshart@usz.ch
Abstract
The term sepsis describes a potentially lethal clinical condition that developsas a result of a dysregulated host response to bacterial infection. The mostcommon bacterial component implicated in initiating the septic syndrome is acell wall molecule derived from Gram-negative bacteria, known aslipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin. Like all mammals, humans are equippedwith an LPS-sensing machinery consisting, primarily, of LPS-binding protein(LBP), CD14, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored monocytedifferentiation antigen, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a signal-transducingintegral membrane protein. Modest stimulation of TLR4 facilitates theelimination of invading microorganisms. Potent TLR4 stimulation, however,produces severe reactions in the host, often leading to multiple organ failureand death. The search for pharmaceuticals that reduce mortality in septicpatients has been a painstaking process. Thus far, only a few compounds havebeen found to significantly reduce mortality rates. Perhaps one of the morepromising therapeutic strategies currently pursued is based on theidentification of synthetic or naturally occurring substances that neutralizeLPS or inhibit LPS-mediated activation of host immune cells, such as monocytesand macrophages. Here, we describe a number of diverse molecular structures witha capacity to either enhance or blunt LPS-induced monocyte activation. Theunderlying molecular mechanisms are discussed.
PMID
17405910
|
Entity
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP
--
e12
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
CD14
--
e14
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD14:TLR4
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD14:TLR4:MD2
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD14:TLR4:MD2:MyD88
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD14:TLR4:MD2:MyD88:IRAK1
--
e21
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:TLR4:MD2:MyD88:IRAK1:IRAK4
--
e23
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK1{p}:TRAF6
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
TAK1{activated}
--
e30
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
ASK1{activated}
--
e32
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
MEKK3{activated}
--
e34
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
JNK{activated}
--
e36
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
IKK{activated}
--
e37
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
p38{activated}
--
e38
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
0
infinite
0
--
TRAM
--
e47
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
IkappaB{degraded}
--
e48
cso30:c:EntityBiological
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
NADPH oxidase 4
--
e49
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD14
--
e6
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
NADPH oxidase 4:TLR4
--
e64
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
NADPH oxidase 4{activated}
--
e65
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
TIRAP
--
e71
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
TRIAP:TLR4
--
e72
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
TRIF
--
e75
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
TRAM:TRIF:TLR4
--
e76
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m79
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m80
0
infinite
0
--
CD11b/CD18
--
e81
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m81
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD11b/CD18
--
e82
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m82
0
infinite
0
--
MSR
--
e83
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m83
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:MSR
--
e84
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m84
0
infinite
0
--
LPS{degraded}
--
e85
cso30:c:EntityBiological
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m85
0
infinite
0
--
NOD-1/NOD-2
--
e86
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m86
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:NOD-1/NOD-2
--
e87
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m87
0
infinite
0
--
CAP37
--
e88
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m88
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:CAP37
--
e89
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m89
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
Heparin:ATIII:thrombin
--
e90
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m90
0
infinite
0
--
Heparin:ATIII:thrombin:LPS:LBP
--
e91
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m91
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m92
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m93
0
infinite
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m5*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 association of single LPS molecules with plasmaderived LPS-binding protein (LBP)
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
m35*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
m29*m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 TRAF6, a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3K), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-activating kinase 1 (TAK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase (MEKK3, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
m31*m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 TRAF6, a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3K), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-activating kinase 1 (TAK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase (MEKK3, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
m33*m26*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 TRAF6, a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3K), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-activating kinase 1 (TAK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase (MEKK3, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
m30*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
m27*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
m43*m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Subsequent activation of cJun N-terminal kinase (Jnk), I-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex (consisting of alpha, beta and gamma subunits), and p38, leads to phosphorylation of cJun, I-kappaB, and ATF2, respectively.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
m45*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Subsequent activation of cJun N-terminal kinase (Jnk), I-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex (consisting of alpha, beta and gamma subunits), and p38, leads to phosphorylation of cJun, I-kappaB, and ATF2, respectively.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
m42*m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Subsequent activation of cJun N-terminal kinase (Jnk), I-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex (consisting of alpha, beta and gamma subunits), and p38, leads to phosphorylation of cJun, I-kappaB, and ATF2, respectively.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Phosphorylated I-kappaB is ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteosome, leaving the p65-p50 dimer (NF-kappaB), which is now free to translocate to the nucleus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
m12*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 one LPS bound to one LBP, the so formed protein?glycolipid complex is recognized, with high specificity, by CD14
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Phosphorylated I-kappaB is ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteosome, leaving the p65-p50 dimer (NF-kappaB), which is now free to translocate to the nucleus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Phosphorylated I-kappaB is ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteosome, leaving the p65-p50 dimer (NF-kappaB), which is now free to translocate to the nucleus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
m49*m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 15356101 The generation of ROS appears to result from a direct activation of membrane-bound NADPH oxidase 4 by TLR4.
p23
p23
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 15356101 The generation of ROS appears to result from a direct activation of membrane-bound NADPH oxidase 4 by TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
m74*m72*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 12062447, 12062447 TIRAP, another TLR4 adapter protein appears to be involved in the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a transcription factor, which induces the type I interferon gene, and further evidence suggests that this activation is mediated by a double-stranded RNA responsive protein kinase (PKR).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m24*m68*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 9564042 ASK1 can only be activated by TRAF6 if the associated thioredoxin (TrX) is displaced from TRAF6.
p26
p26
cso30:i:ME_Dissociation
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m67*m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 15864310 This dissociation depends on the formation of ROS.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
m77*m76*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 12062447, 15029200, 16006187 TIR domain-containing adapter inducing interferon (TRIF) and TRIF-related adapter molecule (TRAM), both involved in the activation of IRF3 and IRF7.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
m78*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 12062447, 12062447 TIRAP, another TLR4 adapter protein appears to be involved in the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a transcription factor, which induces the type I interferon gene, and further evidence suggests that this activation is mediated by a double-stranded RNA responsive protein kinase (PKR).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
m13*m71*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 12062447, 12062447 TIRAP, another TLR4 adapter protein appears to be involved in the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a transcription factor, which induces the type I interferon gene, and further evidence suggests that this activation is mediated by a double-stranded RNA responsive protein kinase (PKR).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m6*m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 11034352 activation of TLR4, which is thought to initiate intracellular signaling upon association with a CD14 molecule that is occupied by an LPS?LBP complex.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
m47*m75*m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Apart from MyD88 and TIRAP, additional TLR4 adapter proteins have been identified.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
m77*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 12062447, 15029200, 16006187 TIRAP, another TLR4 adapter protein appears to be involved in the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a transcription factor, which induces the type I interferon gene, and further evidence suggests that this activation is mediated by a double-stranded RNA responsive protein kinase (PKR).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
m79*m76*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 16006187 TIR domain-containing adapter inducing interferon (TRIF) and TRIF-related adapter molecule (TRAM), both involved in the activation of IRF3 and IRF7.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m12*m81*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 9820516 macrophages express several other LPS receptors, for example, CD11b/CD18
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
m12*m83*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 1852209 macrophages express several other LPS receptors, for example, CD11b/CD18, class A macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
p35
p35
cso30:i:ME_UnknownDegradation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
m84*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 1852209 MSR acts as a scavenger for LPS, that is, rather than eliciting a proinflammatory response, the MSR?LPS complex is internalized and LPS is partially degraded.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
m12*m86*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 16021602 NOD-1 and -2 agonists also act in synergy with LPS to stimulate cytokine production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
m5*m88*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 15275964 Cationic proteins, e.g., protamines and CAP37, associate with LPS and bind to cellular surfaces.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
m90*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Heparin exerts its anticoagulant effect through binding to AT III and thrombin. Apart from its interaction with proteins of the coagulation pathway, heparin binds to LBP and displaces LPS
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
m12*m92*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 14550561 LPS is bound and neutralized by poly-L-histidine.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m15*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 TLR4 signaling depends on the presence of MD2, a secretory glycoprotein that associates with TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
m31*m24*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 9564042 ASK1 can only be activated by TRAF6 if the associated thioredoxin (TrX) is displaced from TRAF6.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
m34*m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
m32*m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
m34*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
m32*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
m34*m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
m32*m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 MAP3K family (T1, TAK1; M3, MEKK3; A1, ASK1) which, in turn, activate Jnk (J), IKK (I), and p38 (p).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
m65*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910, 15356101 The generation of ROS appears to result from a direct activation of membrane-bound NADPH oxidase 4 by TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m19*m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Subsequent to the association of MyD88 with TLR4, MyD88 recruits the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m18*m20*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Subsequent to the association of MyD88 with TLR4, MyD88 recruits the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Phosphorylation of IRAK1 by IRAK4 and other kinases results in the dissociation of IRAK1 from TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
m25*m24*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Phosphorylated IRAK1 associates, in the cytosol, with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
m21*m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17405910 Phosphorylation of IRAK1 by IRAK4 and other kinases results in the dissociation of IRAK1 from TLR4.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--