Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Critical role of toll-like receptors and nucleotide oligomerisation domain inthe regulation of health and disease.
Affiliation
Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiac Medicine,Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College,London SW3 6LY, UK. j.a.mitchell@imperial.ac.uk
Abstract
Pathogens are sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are germline-encoded receptors, including transmembrane Toll-like receptors (TLRs) andcytosolic nucleotide oligomerisation domain (NOD) proteins, containingleucine-rich repeats (NLRs). Activation of PRRs by specific pathogen-associatedmolecular patterns (PAMPs) results in genomic responses in host cells involvingactivation transcription factors and the induction of genes. There are now atleast 10 TLRs in humans and 13 in mice, and 2 NLRs (NOD1 and NOD2). TLRsignalling is via interactions with adaptor proteins including MyD88 andtoll-receptor associated activator of interferon (TRIF). NOD signalling is viathe inflammasome and involves activation of Rip-like interactive clarp kinase(RICK). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is thebest-studied PAMP and is activated by or 'sensed' by TLR4. Lipoteichoic acid(LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria is sensed by TLR2. TLR4 and TLR2 havedifferent signalling cascades, although activation of either results in symptomsof sepsis and shock. This review describes the rapidly expanding field ofpathogen-sensing receptors and uses LPS and LTA as examples of how thesepathways parallel and diverge from each other. The role of pathogen-sensingpathways in disease is also discussed.
PMID
17535871
|
Entity
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
fibrinogen
--
MO000017426
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2254
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000017426 |
--
LPS:LBP:CD14
--
MO000021929
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m6255
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000021929 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3
--
MO000041446
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19314
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041446 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
Mal
--
e11
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA
--
e13
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR7
--
e14
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR8
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA
--
e16
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD14: TLR4: MD2: Mal: MyD88
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
LTA
--
e19
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
LTA: TLR1: TLR2
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
LTA:TLR1: TLR2: Mal: MyD88
--
e21
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
TLR1: TLR2
--
e22
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
TLR6: TLR2
--
e23
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
LTA: TLR6: TLR2
--
e24
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
LTA:TLR6: TLR2: Mal: MyD88
--
e25
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
FSL-1
--
e26
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
Pam3CSK4: TLR1: TLR2
--
e27
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
Pam3CSK4
--
e29
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD14: TLR4: MD2: TRAM: TRIF
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
FSL-1: TLR6: TLR2
--
e31
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK{p}
--
e32
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
TRAF6 {activated}
--
e33
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR001841 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000212 |
--
NF-kappaB {activated}
--
e34
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
COX-2
--
e35
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
endothelin-1
--
e36
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
10
infinite
0
Affymetrix | 104420_at |
Ensembl | ENSMUSG00000020826 |
MGD | Nos2 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/Nos2 |
RefSeq | NM_010927 |
TRANSFAC | G001073 |
Unigene | Mm.2893 |
--
R-MALP2
--
e38
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
R_MALP2: TLR6: TLR2
--
e39
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
PepG
--
e40
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
PepG: NOD1
--
e41
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
PepG: NOD2
--
e42
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
PepG: NOD2: RIP2
--
e43
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
PepG: NOD1: RIP2
--
e44
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
Caspase-1 [activated}
--
e45
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016828 |
--
IL-8
--
e46
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA:TLR3: TRIF
--
e47
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR7: MyD88
--
e48
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR8: MyD88
--
e49
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:LBP:CD14: TLR4: MD2
--
e6
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
TLR
--
e63
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
HSP
--
e64
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
TLR: HSP
--
e65
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
hyaluronic acid
--
e66
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
hyaluronic acid: TLR
--
e67
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
soluble heparan sulphate
--
e68
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
soluble heparan sulphate: TLR
--
e69
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
fibrinogen: TLR
--
e70
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
LDL: TLR
--
e71
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
beta-defensin 2
--
e72
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
beta-defensin 2: TLR
--
e73
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
m155666*m3985*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 2402637 LBP binds to the amphipathic lipid A moiety of LPS and facilitates its presentation and transfer to CD14.
p10
p10
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
m19*m22*m2828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 LTA from Gram-positive bacteria is sensed by TLR2. PMID: 17535871, 16880211 while CD36 facilitates TLR2/TLR6 signalling, CD14 enhanced the sensing of ligands by the TLR2/TLR1 complex.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
m20*m11*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR2, on the other hand, recruits just MyD88/Mal pathways.
p12
p12
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
m3987*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 16880211, 11095740, 10549626 TLR2 is not thought to act as a monomeric receptor, but heterodimerises with either TLR1 or TLR6 to evoke effects.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
m19*m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 LTA from Gram-positive bacteria is sensed by TLR2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
m11*m1572*m24*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR2, on the other hand, recruits just MyD88/Mal pathways.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
m22*m29*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 11431423 The TLR2/TLR6 complex is activated by LTA and diacylated lipoproteins, but not by triacylated lipoproteins while the TLR2/TLR1 complex is activated by triacylated lipoproteins, but not by diacylated lipoproteins.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 Once activated the TIR domain of TLR2 engages with the TIR domain of MyD88 leading to the induction of ¡ÆMyD88-dependent¡Ç genes including TNFa.
p18
p18
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
m6*m19005*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 Like Mal for MyD88, TRAM seems to link TRIF with the intracellular regions of TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
m23*m26*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 11431423 The TLR2/TLR6 complex is activated by LTA and diacylated lipoproteins, but not by triacylated lipoproteins while the TLR2/TLR1 complex is activated by triacylated lipoproteins, but not by diacylated lipoproteins. PMID: 17535871 LTA from Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or diacylated lipoproteins are guided by CD36 to activate the TLR2/TLR6 complex.
p2
p2
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
m6254*m2828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 2402637 LBP binds to the amphipathic lipid A moiety of LPS and facilitates its presentation and transfer to CD14.
p20
p20
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m18*m184*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 It involves early phase activation of NFkB via the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) pathway.
p21
p21
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
m32*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 It involves early phase activation of NFkB via the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) pathway.
p22
p22
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
m34*m33*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 It involves early phase activation of NFkB via the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) pathway.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 The TLR-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domains of TLR4 and TRIF or MyD88 are engaged and signalling occurs via the MyD88 or TRIF pathways leading to NOSII or TNF1 respectively.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 The TLR-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domains of TLR4 and TRIF or MyD88 are engaged and signalling occurs via the MyD88 or TRIF pathways leading to NOSII or TNF1 respectively.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
m6*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 LPS induces a plethora of inflammatory and vasoactive genes, including nitric oxide synthase (NOS)II, cyclo-oxygenase-2, endothelin-1, TNF and other cytokines.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
m6*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 LPS induces a plethora of inflammatory and vasoactive genes, including nitric oxide synthase (NOS)II, cyclo-oxygenase-2, endothelin-1, TNF and other cytokines.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m23*m39*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 15690042 for some ligands (LTA and R-MALP2), activation of the TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer is greatly facilitated by CD36.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
m41*m4923*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 12796777, 12514169 NOD1 senses diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing PepG, which is mainly found in PepG of Gram-negative bacteria, while NOD2 senses the muramyl dipeptide (MDP) present in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative PepG.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
m41*m4947*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 12796777, 12514169 NOD1 senses diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing PepG, which is mainly found in PepG of Gram-negative bacteria, while NOD2 senses the muramyl dipeptide (MDP) present in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative PepG.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m6255*m5*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 15596121, 16785880 It is believed that MD2 complexes with LPS (provided by CD14) and that the MD2?LPS complex, as apposed to LPS alone, is the ¡Ætrue ligand¡Ç for TLR4.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
m42*m2684*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 Both NOD1 and NOD2 signal via the adaptor protein RICK (also known as Rip2 or CARDIAK).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
m43*m2684*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 Both NOD1 and NOD2 signal via the adaptor protein RICK (also known as Rip2 or CARDIAK).
p32
p32
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
m45*m1765*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17838971, 15952891, 17186029 The ensuing signalling cascade leads to activation of caspase-1 and the formation of IL-1b and IL-8.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
m46*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17838971, 15952891, 17186029 The ensuing signalling cascade leads to activation of caspase-1 and the formation of IL-1b and IL-8.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
m93364*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17838971, 15952891, 17186029 The ensuing signalling cascade leads to activation of caspase-1 and the formation of IL-1b and IL-8.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
m46*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17838971, 15952891, 17186029 The ensuing signalling cascade leads to activation of caspase-1 and the formation of IL-1b and IL-8.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17838971, 15952891, 17186029 The ensuing signalling cascade leads to activation of caspase-1 and the formation of IL-1b and IL-8.
p37
p37
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
m18998*m19314*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR3 recruits TRIF.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
m1572*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR7 and TLR8 recruits MyD88.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
m1572*m15*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR7 and TLR8 recruits MyD88.
p4
p4
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m3966*m6485*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 11489966, 11323673 TLR5 is a cell surface receptor activated by flagellin, a protein expressed on motile bacteria.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
m64*m65*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 15654120 Examples of endogenous ligands of TLRs are heat shock proteins, hyaluronic acid fragments, soluble heparan sulphate, fibrinogen extra domain A, oxidised LDL and b-defensin 2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m64*m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 15654120 Examples of endogenous ligands of TLRs are heat shock proteins, hyaluronic acid fragments, soluble heparan sulphate, fibrinogen extra domain A, oxidised LDL and b-defensin 2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
m67*m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 15654120 Examples of endogenous ligands of TLRs are heat shock proteins, hyaluronic acid fragments, soluble heparan sulphate, fibrinogen extra domain A, oxidised LDL and b-defensin 2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
m2254*m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 15654120 Examples of endogenous ligands of TLRs are heat shock proteins, hyaluronic acid fragments, soluble heparan sulphate, fibrinogen extra domain A, oxidised LDL and b-defensin 2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
m64*m290118*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 15654120 Examples of endogenous ligands of TLRs are heat shock proteins, hyaluronic acid fragments, soluble heparan sulphate, fibrinogen extra domain A, oxidised LDL and b-defensin 2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
m64*m73*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 15654120 Examples of endogenous ligands of TLRs are heat shock proteins, hyaluronic acid fragments, soluble heparan sulphate, fibrinogen extra domain A, oxidised LDL and b-defensin 2.
p46
p46
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
m3964*m3963*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 16880211, 11095740, 10549626 TLR2 is not thought to act as a monomeric receptor, but heterodimerises with either TLR1 or TLR6 to evoke effects.
p5
p5
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m119368*m3965*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR3 is an intracellular receptor which is activated by viral double-stranded RNA.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m13*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR7 and TLR8 are activated by single-stranded RNA from viruses.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m13*m19823*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR7 and TLR8 are activated by single-stranded RNA from viruses.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
m16*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871, 11130078 TLR9 is activated by bacterial DNA, which because of its high level of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides is distinct from mammalian DNA.
p9
p9
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
m6*m11*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 17535871 TLR4 is unique among the TLRs because it recruits both MyD88/Mal and TRIF/TRAM adaptor proteins.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--