PMID: 17974478 The Toll-like receptors, so-called because of their homology to the Drosophila Toll receptor, were first characterized in mammals by their ability to recognize pathogen-associated molecules such as the bacterial cell wall components peptidoglycan (TLR2) and lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), as well as dsRNA (TLR3), ssRNA (TLR7), and nonmethylated Cytosine-Guanosine (CpG) DNA (TLR9).

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PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.

PMID: 17974478 TLR3, on the other hand, signals through the MyD88 independent pathway, initiated by the TRIF adaptor molecule.

PMID: 17974478 The Toll-like receptors, so-called because of their homology to the Drosophila Toll receptor, were first characterized in mammals by their ability to recognize pathogen-associated molecules such as the bacterial cell wall components peptidoglycan (TLR2) and lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), as well as dsRNA (TLR3), ssRNA (TLR7), and nonmethylated Cytosine-Guanosine (CpG) DNA (TLR9).

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of TRIF to the receptor initiates phosphorylation of IKKe, which activates the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of TRIF to the receptor initiates phosphorylation of IKKe, which activates the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of TRIF to the receptor initiates phosphorylation of IKKe, which activates the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of TRIF to the receptor initiates phosphorylation of IKKe, which activates the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of TRIF to the receptor initiates phosphorylation of IKKe, which activates the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7.

PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of TRIF to the receptor initiates phosphorylation of IKKe, which activates the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7.

PMID: 17974478 One particularly attractive candidate for cancer immunotherapy is imiquimod, a synthetic TLR7 agonist that has been given FDA approval as a topical treatment for HSV-2 lesions.

PMID: 17974478, 14729660 TLR3 detects viral dsRNA and can be activated by endogenous RNA released from necrotic cells.

PMID: 17974478, 17085778, 15356140, 17061254 Microglia, neurons and astrocytes all produce IFNbeta upon stimulation with the synthetic TLR3 agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)).

PMID: 17974478, 17085778, 15356140, 17061254 Microglia, neurons and astrocytes all produce IFNbeta upon stimulation with the synthetic TLR3 agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). PMID: 17974478 TLR3 offers substantial promise as a novel therapeutic target in neuroprotection against CNS-related injury.

PMID: 17974478 The Toll-like receptors, so-called because of their homology to the Drosophila Toll receptor, were first characterized in mammals by their ability to recognize pathogen-associated molecules such as the bacterial cell wall components peptidoglycan (TLR2) and lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), as well as dsRNA (TLR3), ssRNA (TLR7), and nonmethylated Cytosine-Guanosine (CpG) DNA (TLR9).

PMID: 17974478 Astrocytes isolated from post mortem human adult subjects and stimulated with poly(I:C) induce the expression of multiple neuroprotective molecules (BDNF, neurotrophin 4, pleiotrophin, ephrin type B receptor1, TGFb2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9, IL-10, IL-11).

PMID: 17974478 Astrocytes isolated from post mortem human adult subjects and stimulated with poly(I:C) induce the expression of multiple neuroprotective molecules (BDNF, neurotrophin 4, pleiotrophin, ephrin type B receptor1, TGFb2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9, IL-10, IL-11).

PMID: 17974478 Astrocytes isolated from post mortem human adult subjects and stimulated with poly(I:C) induce the expression of multiple neuroprotective molecules (BDNF, neurotrophin 4, pleiotrophin, ephrin type B receptor1, TGFb2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9, IL-10, IL-11).

PMID: 17974478 Astrocytes isolated from post mortem human adult subjects and stimulated with poly(I:C) induce the expression of multiple neuroprotective molecules (BDNF, neurotrophin 4, pleiotrophin, ephrin type B receptor1, TGFb2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9, IL-10, IL-11).

PMID: 17974478 Astrocytes isolated from post mortem human adult subjects and stimulated with poly(I:C) induce the expression of multiple neuroprotective molecules (BDNF, neurotrophin 4, pleiotrophin, ephrin type B receptor1, TGFb2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9, IL-10, IL-11).

PMID: 17974478 Astrocytes isolated from post mortem human adult subjects and stimulated with poly(I:C) induce the expression of multiple neuroprotective molecules (BDNF, neurotrophin 4, pleiotrophin, ephrin type B receptor1, TGFb2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9, IL-10, IL-11).

PMID: 17974478 Astrocytes isolated from post mortem human adult subjects and stimulated with poly(I:C) induce the expression of multiple neuroprotective molecules (BDNF, neurotrophin 4, pleiotrophin, ephrin type B receptor1, TGFb2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9, IL-10, IL-11).

PMID: 17974478 Astrocytes isolated from post mortem human adult subjects and stimulated with poly(I:C) induce the expression of multiple neuroprotective molecules (BDNF, neurotrophin 4, pleiotrophin, ephrin type B receptor1, TGFb2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9, IL-10, IL-11).

PMID: 17974478 The Toll-like receptors, so-called because of their homology to the Drosophila Toll receptor, were first characterized in mammals by their ability to recognize pathogen-associated molecules such as the bacterial cell wall components peptidoglycan (TLR2) and lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), as well as dsRNA (TLR3), ssRNA (TLR7), and nonmethylated Cytosine-Guanosine (CpG) DNA (TLR9).

PMID: 17974478 The Toll-like receptors, so-called because of their homology to the Drosophila Toll receptor, were first characterized in mammals by their ability to recognize pathogen-associated molecules such as the bacterial cell wall components peptidoglycan (TLR2) and lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), as well as dsRNA (TLR3), ssRNA (TLR7), and nonmethylated Cytosine-Guanosine (CpG) DNA (TLR9). PMID: 17974478 Perhaps the most promising TLR ligands in the fight against cancers of the CNS are the TLR9 agonists, nonmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.

PMID: 17974478 Each TLR family member, with the exception of TLR3, signals through the MyD88 dependent pathway, initiated by the MyD88 adaptor protein.

PMID: 17974478 Each TLR family member, with the exception of TLR3, signals through the MyD88 dependent pathway, initiated by the MyD88 adaptor protein.

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PMID: 17974478 Recruitment of MyD88 to the activated receptor initiates formation of the IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) complex resulting in phosphorylation of IKKalpha/bbeta, activation of the transcription factors NFkappaB, AP1, IRF1, and IRF7, and generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFalpha.