Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Nuclear receptors in macrophages: a link between metabolism and inflammation.
Affiliation
University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center forMolecular Medicine, Life Science Building, Department of Biochemistry andMolecular Biology, Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1 H-4032, Hungary. szantoa@dote.hu
Abstract
Subclinical inflammation is a candidate etiological factor in the pathogenesisof metabolic syndrome and in the progression of atherosclerosis. A central rolefor activated macrophages has been elucidated recently as important regulatorsof the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis. Macrophage differentiation andfunction can be modulated by a class of transcription factors termed nuclearreceptors. These are activated by intermediary products of basic metabolicprocesses. In this review the contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptors and liver X receptors to macrophage functions in inflammation andlipid metabolism will be discussed in light of their roles in macrophages duringatherosclerosis. In the past decade much effort has been made to understand themechanisms how lipids are handled by macrophages and how inflammation couldpromote the atherogenic process. Here, we also provide an overview of these twofields.
PMID
18022390
|
Entity
eicosanoid
--
MO000021443
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--
--
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TRANSPATH | MO000021443 |
--
prostaglandins
--
MO000021832
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cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
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m6166
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Ensembl | ENSG00000035862 |
TRANSPATH | MO000021832 |
--
leukotrienes
--
MO000033520
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--
--
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TRANSPATH | MO000033520 |
--
PPAR
--
MO000033599
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TRANSPATH | MO000033599 |
--
AEBP1
--
MO000033712
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InterPro | IPR000421 |
TRANSPATH | MO000033712 |
--
--
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--
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--
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--
--
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e11
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csml-variable:Double
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Affymetrix | 109884_f_at |
Ensembl | ENSMUSG00000002944 |
InterPro | IPR005429 |
MGD | MGI:107899 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/Cd36 |
RefSeq | NM_007643 |
TRANSPATH | MO000031132 |
Unigene | Mm.18628 |
UniProt | Q08857 |
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oxLDL: CD36
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oxLDL: CD36: PPAR-gamma: RXR
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Affymetrix | 1373641_at |
Ensembl | ENSRNOG00000013172 |
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oxysterol: LXR: RXR
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csml-variable:Double
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27-hydroxycholesterol
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e20
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27-hydroxycholesterol: LXR: RXR
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PPAR-beta: PPAR-theta
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e25
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--
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Affymetrix | 117189_at |
Ensembl | ENSMUSG00000002250 |
InterPro | IPR003074 |
MGD | Ppard |
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RefSeq | NM_011145 |
TRANSFAC | T04781 |
TRANSPATH | MO000028591 |
Unigene | Mm.1303 |
UniProt | P35396 |
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csml-variable:Double
m26
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--
VLDL: PPAR-beta: PPAR-theta
--
e27
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--
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M-CSF: M-CSFR
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e28
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csml-variable:Double
m29
10
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Affymetrix | 225500_3p_x_at |
Ensembl | ENSG00000126461 |
HGNC | SCAF1 |
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RefSeq | NM_021228 |
TRANSFAC | G042947 |
Unigene | Hs.103521 |
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--
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cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
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--
--
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GM-CSF: GM-CSFR
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e30
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MIF: CXCR2
--
e31
cso30:c:Complex
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--
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MIF: CXCR4
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--
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LDL: SR-B1
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--
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SR
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oxLDL: SR
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MMP
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MMP
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--
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CD40 ligand
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e42
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--
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CD40 ligand: CD154
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e43
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csml-variable:Double
m43
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IL-4 ligand
--
e44
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--
csml-variable:Double
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IL-4 ligand : IL-4
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e45
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--
retinoic acid
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e47
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--
csml-variable:Double
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--
prostaglandins: PPAR
--
e49
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--
csml-variable:Double
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--
--
e50
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
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--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
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--
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--
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--
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--
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
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--
e55
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--
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csml-variable:Double
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--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
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--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
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--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
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--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
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--
PPAR-gamma: RXR
--
e6
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cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
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csml-variable:Double
m6
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--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
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--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
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--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
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--
leukotrienes: PPAR
--
e63
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cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
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--
csml-variable:Double
m63
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0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
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--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
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--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
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0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
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0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
m5*m2283*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 Here, we are focusing on PPAR-gamma and liver X receptor (LXR) since they have been shown to play a substantial role in lesion macrophages during atherosclerosis. Both of them form heterodimer with a common partner, retinoid X receptor (RXR).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 10968783, 10858438 , 10799558 Several studies reported that LXRs mediate cholesterol efflux by inducing cholesterol transporters ABCA1, ABCG1 and later ABCG5 and ABCG8.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 10968783, 10858438 , 10799558 Several studies reported that LXRs mediate cholesterol efflux by inducing cholesterol transporters ABCA1, ABCG1 and later ABCG5 and ABCG8.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m19*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 2722778, 9660774 One of these, 27-hydroxycholesterol is produced by a p450 enzyme CYP27, which is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in alternative bile acid synthesis.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
m20*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 A number of oxysterols were identified as potential endogenous ligands for LXR. One of these, 27-hydroxycholesterol is produced by a p450 enzyme CYP27.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 15340076 We found that retinoid receptors and PPAR-gamma induce the expression of CYP27 resulting in increased production 27-hydroxycholesterol in macrophages which activates LXR and enhances cholesterol efflux from macrophages through ABC transporters. PMID: 18022390, 15340076 CYP27 can be induced by retinoids and PPAR-¦Ã only in human macrophages
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
m95607*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 15340076 We found that retinoid receptors and PPAR-gamma induce the expression of CYP27 resulting in increased production 27-hydroxycholesterol in macrophages which activates LXR and enhances cholesterol efflux from macrophages through ABC transporters.
p17
p17
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
m95617*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 PPAR-gamma can both directly and indirectly (through LXR) induce transcription of ABCG1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 15479645 AIM is regulated by LXR only in mice.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
m26*m25*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 12540828 PPAR-beta/theta functions as a sensor for VLDL and promotes VLDL-derived fatty acid catabolism.
p2
p2
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m2283*m31326*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 Here, we are focusing on PPAR-gamma and liver X receptor (LXR) since they have been shown to play a substantial role in lesion macrophages during atherosclerosis. Both of them form heterodimer with a common partner, retinoid X receptor (RXR).
p20
p20
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
m89*m76*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 Development of macrophages is driven by monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). It also augments SR-A, cytokine and growth factor expression and serves as a survival stimulus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 Development of macrophages is driven by monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). It also augments SR-A, cytokine and growth factor expression and serves as a survival stimulus. PMID: 18022390, 9422508 As detailed above, PPAR-gamma was reported to upregulate expression of scavenger receptor CD36 and downregulate SR-A in macrophages.
p22
p22
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
m81*m88*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 16873730 At the same time GM-CSF deficiency reduces PPAR-gamma expression and aggravates atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice.
p23
p23
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 16873730 At the same time GM-CSF deficiency reduces PPAR-gamma expression and aggravates atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice. PMID: 18022390, 16461908 AEBP1 overexpression in macrophages is accompanied by decreased expression of PPAR-gamma, LXR-greek small letter alpha and their target genes with concomitant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
p24
p24
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
m2033*m35533*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 17435771 MIF has been reported recently as a ligand for chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 that control leukocyte recruitment during atherogenesis.
p25
p25
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m4350*m35533*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 17435771 MIF has been reported recently as a ligand for chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 that control leukocyte recruitment during atherogenesis.
p26
p26
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
m93710*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 15947238, 10995790, 15896316 PPAR-gamma represses transcription of MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 in macrophages regulating recruitment of these cells to inflammatory loci in the colon.
p27
p27
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
m94093*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 15947238, 10995790, 15896316 PPAR-gamma represses transcription of MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 in macrophages regulating recruitment of these cells to inflammatory loci in the colon.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
m24*m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 11861414, 14581413, 15331403 SR-B1 is expressed in the liver and also in macrophages. It binds HDL, LDL, modified LDL and if knocked out, atherosclerosis is increased in ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
m290118*m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m341431*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 9568716 Oxidized but not native LDL promotes its own uptake via scavenger receptor CD36 by PPAR-gamma.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
m37*m36*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 As a result macrophages take up oxLDL via scavenger receptors (SR) and start to produce metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 As a result macrophages take up oxLDL via scavenger receptors (SR) and start to produce metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m39*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 As a result macrophages take up oxLDL via scavenger receptors (SR) and start to produce metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
m40*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 As a result macrophages take up oxLDL via scavenger receptors (SR) and start to produce metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 As a result macrophages take up oxLDL via scavenger receptors (SR) and start to produce metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID; 18022390, 16007265 PPAR-gamma was also reported to induce oxLDL receptor-1 in adipocytes resulting in increased uptake of the lipoprotein.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
m1845*m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 9244201, 9050882, 9671306 Binding of CD40 ligand to its receptor CD154 induces inflammatory response along with expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MMPs, adhesion molecules and tissue factor while inhibition of CD40 ligation reduces plaque size.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
m43*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 9244201, 9050882, 9671306 Binding of CD40 ligand to its receptor CD154 induces inflammatory response along with expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MMPs, adhesion molecules and tissue factor while inhibition of CD40 ligation reduces plaque size.
p38
p38
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
m44*m1947*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 10432118 IL-4 induces expression of PPAR-gamma.
p39
p39
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 10432118 IL-4 induces expression of PPAR-gamma. PMID: 18022390, 16461908 AEBP1 overexpression in macrophages is accompanied by decreased expression of PPAR-gamma, LXR-greek small letter alpha and their target genes with concomitant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
m13*m6*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 9568716 Oxidized but not native LDL promotes its own uptake via scavenger receptor CD36 by PPAR-gamma. PMID: 18022390, 9568715 Two components from oxLDL, 9-hydroxy octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) and 13-HODE were identified as endogenous activators and bona fide ligands for PPAR-gamma.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
1.0*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 12524534 It was shown recently, that activation of LXR inhibits secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules like inducible nitric oxide synthase, IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
1.0*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 12524534 It was shown recently, that activation of LXR inhibits secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules like inducible nitric oxide synthase, IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
1.0*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 12524534 It was shown recently, that activation of LXR inhibits secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules like inducible nitric oxide synthase, IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha.
p43
p43
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
1.0*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 16611854 PPAR-gamma can repress TGF-beta1 gene through induction of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
1.0*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 12588772 It inhibits expression of MMP-9. PMID: 18022390, 12531895 Interestingly, LXR can also repress MMP-9 expression.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 17255360 LXR also alters DC phenotype by decreasing IL-12, increasing IL-10 secretion and blocking its T-cell stimulatory ability.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 17255360 LXR also alters DC phenotype by decreasing IL-12, increasing IL-10 secretion and blocking its T-cell stimulatory ability.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 15345223, 16982809 PPAR-gamma via induction of retinoic acid synthesis induces CD1d expression in DCs resulting in NKT cell proliferation and possibly altered lipid presentation by CD1 molecules.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 15345223, 16982809 PPAR-gamma via induction of retinoic acid synthesis induces CD1d expression in DCs resulting in NKT cell proliferation and possibly altered lipid presentation by CD1 molecules.
p49
p49
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
m348799*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 15345223, 16982809 PPAR-gamma via induction of retinoic acid synthesis induces CD1d expression in DCs resulting in NKT cell proliferation and possibly altered lipid presentation by CD1 molecules.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 the consequence of oxLDL internalization is the activation of PPAR-gamma that enhances further expression of CD36. PMID: 18022390 There is no change in the mRNA level of CD36 when PPAR-gamma-deficient macrophages are treated with synthetic agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 16611854 PPAR-gamma can repress TGF-beta1 gene through induction of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
m94744*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 16611854 PPAR-gamma can repress TGF-beta1 gene through induction of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN).
p52
p52
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
m12274*m5792*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 PPARs and LXRs are activated by fatty acids, oxLDL, arachidonic acid metabolites like eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotriens and oxidized cholesterol, respectively.
p53
p53
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
m12274*m6166*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 PPARs and LXRs are activated by fatty acids, oxLDL, arachidonic acid metabolites like eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotriens and oxidized cholesterol, respectively.
p54
p54
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
m12274*m12196*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390 PPARs and LXRs are activated by fatty acids, oxLDL, arachidonic acid metabolites like eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotriens and oxidized cholesterol, respectively.
p6
p6
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 11172721 As detailed above, PPAR-gamma enhances uptake of its own ligand via oxLDL but it can also induce cholesterol efflux from macrophages via several mechanisms. An important one is the induction of another nuclear receptor, LXR-alpha, which in turn activates expression of a set of genes involved in cholesterol efflux and transport. PMID: 18022390, 16461908 AEBP1 overexpression in macrophages is accompanied by decreased expression of PPAR-gamma, LXR-greek small letter alpha and their target genes with concomitant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
m11*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 11504730, 9794827, 8878485 A number of oxysterols were identified as potential endogenous ligands for LXR.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 11035776 Among LXR target genes there are lipid transporters, such as ABCA1 and ABCG1, members of the ATP-binding cassette family of transporter proteins that are likely to be responsible for cholesterol efflux.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18022390, 11035776 Among LXR target genes there are lipid transporters, such as ABCA1 and ABCG1, members of the ATP-binding cassette family of transporter proteins that are likely to be responsible for cholesterol efflux.
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
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cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
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0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
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--
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threshold
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0
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--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
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cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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threshold
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threshold
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threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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cso30:c:InputInhibitor
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
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cso30:c:InputInhibitor
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--
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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--
0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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0
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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0
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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0
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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0
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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0
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
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cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
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--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--