Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
MyDths and un-TOLLed truths: sensor, instructive and effector immunity totuberculosis.
Affiliation
Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
Abstract
Controversy exists concerning the role of Toll-like receptors and MyD88 inimmunity to tuberculosis (TB). This mini-review argues that (i) Toll-likereceptors are not essential for an effective immune response against TB, (ii)MyD88 is essential, but not because it transduces signals from TLRs, (iii)adaptive immunity to TB is largely TLR/MyD88-independent. Some of thediscrepancies may be resolved by cogent attribution of distinct immune functionsto the individual components of the TLR/MyD88 system. In mice, TLRs and MyD88are fully dispensable in sensing Mtb infection and instructing T cell-mediatedadaptive immunity, and while TLRs are also redundant during macrophage effectorimmunity, MyD88 is essential for efficient killing of mycobacteria. Thisdistinction should help to molecularly pinpoint the MyD88-dependent, yetTLR-independent critical mechanisms of macrophage activation involved inintracellular growth restriction of Mtb. Disrupted IL-1R and/or IFN-gammasignaling pathways likely play a much more prominent role in explaining theexquisite susceptibility of MyD88-deficient mice to TB than the function ofMyD88 as a TLR adaptor.
PMID
18191460
|
Entity
p38
--
MO000000022
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000022 |
--
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
IRAK-1
--
MO000000213
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m184
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000719 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000213 |
--
TNF-alpha
--
MO000000289
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m230
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR003636 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000289 |
--
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
IL-1beta
--
MO000016597
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1591
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016597 |
--
IFNgamma {extracellular}
--
MO000016665
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1639
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR002069 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016665 |
--
Caspase-1
--
MO000016828
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1765
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016828 |
--
IFNGR2: IFNGR1: IFNGR2
--
MO000016835
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1772
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008355 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016835 |
--
STAT1:STAT1 {p}
--
MO000016856
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1788
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016856 |
--
proCaspase-1
--
MO000018229
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2906
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR001309 |
TRANSPATH | MO000018229 |
--
TLR2
--
MO000019397
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m3964
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000019397 |
--
proIL-1beta
--
MO000019449
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m4012
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR003297 |
TRANSPATH | MO000019449 |
--
IRAK-4
--
MO000039077
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m17258
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000039077 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
LAM
--
e11
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
LAM: TLR2
--
e12
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
PIM2
--
e13
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
PIM6
--
e14
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
PIM2: TLR2
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
PIM6: TLR2
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
19 kDa mycobacterial lipoprotein
--
e17
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
19 kDa mycobacterial lipoprotein: TLR2
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
heat- sensitive cell-associated mycobacterial factors
--
e19
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
heat- sensitive cell-associated mycobacterial factors: TLR4
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
Mtb CpG motifs: TLR9
--
e22
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand
--
e23
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR
--
e24
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88
--
e25
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRAK-1
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
TRAF6 {activated}
--
e27
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR001841 |
TRANSPATH | MO000000212 |
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4
--
e28
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand
--
e29
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: MyD88
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-4
--
e31
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: MyD88: IRAK-4
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRAK-1
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRAK-1{p}
--
e34
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRAK-1{p}
--
e35
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB {activated}
--
e36
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
JNK {activated}
--
e37
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000023 |
--
p38 {activated}
--
e38
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000022 |
--
ERK {activated}
--
e39
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000011 |
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1R1
--
e40
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1R1: IL-1RAcP
--
e41
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1R1: IL-1RI: IL-1RAcP: MyD88
--
e42
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1R1: IL-1RI: IL-1RAcP: MyD88: IRAK-4
--
e43
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1R1: IL-1RI: IL-1RAcP: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRAK-1
--
e44
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1R1: IL-1RI: IL-1RAcP: MyD88: IRAK-4: IRAK-1{p}
--
e45
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
MyD88s
--
e46
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma: IFNGR2: IFNGR1: IFNGR2
--
e47
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma: IFNGR2: IFNGR1{p}: IFNGR2
--
e48
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
Jak1{pY}
--
e49
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
10
infinite
0
Affymetrix | 104420_at |
Ensembl | ENSMUSG00000020826 |
MGD | Nos2 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/Nos2 |
RefSeq | NM_010927 |
TRANSFAC | G001073 |
Unigene | Mm.2893 |
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
Jak2{pY}
--
e63
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
STAT1:STAT1{p}: GAF
--
e64
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
STAT1:STAT1{p}: GAF {nucleus}
--
e65
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma activator sequence: STAT1:STAT1{p}: GAF {nucleus}
--
e66
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma activator sequence
--
e67
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma: IFNGR1: MyD88
--
e68
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
unknown domain
--
e69
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma: IFNGR1: MyD88: unknown domain
--
e70
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
IFNgamma: IFNGR1: MyD88: unknown domain: MLK3
--
e71
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
il-18: IL-18R
--
e72
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
0
infinite
0
--
AcPL
--
e73
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
0
infinite
0
--
il-18: IL-18R: AcPL
--
e74
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
0
infinite
0
--
IL-1: IL-1R1: IL-1R1: IL-1RAcP
--
e75
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m79
0
infinite
0
--
il-18: IL-18R: AcPL: MyD88
--
e76
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m80
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m81
0
infinite
0
--
PAMP
--
e78
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m82
0
infinite
0
--
NALP
--
e79
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m83
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
PAMP: NALP
--
e80
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m84
0
infinite
0
--
MDP: NALP3 inflammasome
--
e81
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m85
0
infinite
0
--
MDP
--
e82
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m86
0
infinite
0
--
inflammasome
--
e83
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m87
0
infinite
0
--
Cytokines
--
e84
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m88
0
infinite
0
--
cytokines
--
e85
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m89
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m91
10
infinite
0
Affymetrix | 1418930_at |
Ensembl | ENSMUSG00000034855 |
MGD | Cxcl10 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/Cxcl10 |
RefSeq | NM_021274 |
TRANSFAC | G001062 |
Unigene | Mm.263514 |
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m3964*m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 12775723, 11404392, 10586073, 11222859 For example, the mycobacterial lipoglycans phosphoinositol-capped lipoarabinomannan (LAM), phosphatidyl myo-inositol mannosides (PIM)2 and PIM6 and the 19 kDa mycobacterial lipoprotein represent TLR2 agonists.
p10
p10
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
m183*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 9734363 Studies by Medzhitov et al. then demonstrated that signaling by Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 also employs MyD88, and induces activation of the NF-kappaB pathway via the IRAK1 kinase and the Tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 protein.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
m33*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 9734363 Studies by Medzhitov et al. then demonstrated that signaling by Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 also employs MyD88, and induces activation of the NF-kappaB pathway via the IRAK1 kinase and the Tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 protein.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m1572*m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 9734363 Studies by Medzhitov et al. then demonstrated that signaling by Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 also employs MyD88, and induces activation of the NF-kappaB pathway via the IRAK1 kinase and the Tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 protein. PMID: 18191460, 9575168 A MyD88 splice variant termed MyD88short (MyD88s), which lacks the linker domain between the DD and the TIR domain does not bind IRAK4 and acts as a negative regulator of IL1R/MYD88 signals, thus leading to a controlled negative regulation of innate immune responses.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
m17258*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 12888566 It facilitates the association of IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) 4 with the receptor complex through a homophilic DD interaction.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
m29*m17258*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 12888566 It facilitates the association of IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) 4 with the receptor complex through a homophilic DD interaction.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
m184*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In TLR signaling, MyD88 couples TLR and IRAK through interactions of TIR domain?TIR domain and death domain?death domain (DD?DD).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 The binding of MyD88 to IRAK4 is a mandatory step in the IRAK4-mediated phosphorylation of a crucial residue or residues in the kinase-activation loop of IRAK1, which induces the kinase activity of IRAK1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 The binding of MyD88 to IRAK4 is a mandatory step in the IRAK4-mediated phosphorylation of a crucial residue or residues in the kinase-activation loop of IRAK1, which induces the kinase activity of IRAK1.
p18
p18
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
m39*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 9734363 Studies by Medzhitov et al. then demonstrated that signaling by Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 also employs MyD88, and induces activation of the NF-kappaB pathway via the IRAK1 kinase and the Tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 protein.
p19
p19
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
m6*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 MyD88 mediates a signaling cascade in TLR-triggered cells that leads to activation of NF-¦ÊB and the three MAPK pathways (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk) and p38). PMID: 18191460, 9734363 Studies by Medzhitov et al. then demonstrated that signaling by Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 also employs MyD88, and induces activation of the NF-kappaB pathway via the IRAK1 kinase and the Tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 protein.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
m15*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 12775723, 11404392, 10586073, 11222859 For example, the mycobacterial lipoglycans phosphoinositol-capped lipoarabinomannan (LAM), phosphatidyl myo-inositol mannosides (PIM)2 and PIM6 and the 19 kDa mycobacterial lipoprotein represent TLR2 agonists.
p20
p20
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
m21*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 MyD88 mediates a signaling cascade in TLR-triggered cells that leads to activation of NF-¦ÊB and the three MAPK pathways (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk) and p38).
p21
p21
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
m20*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 MyD88 mediates a signaling cascade in TLR-triggered cells that leads to activation of NF-¦ÊB and the three MAPK pathways (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk) and p38).
p22
p22
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
m5*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 MyD88 mediates a signaling cascade in TLR-triggered cells that leads to activation of NF-¦ÊB and the three MAPK pathways (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk) and p38).
p23
p23
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
m93309*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In vitro, the initial recognition of mycobacterial components by macrophages and dendritic cells leads to the release of IL-12 and TNF and involves a number of different pattern recognition receptors (PRR), among them TLRs.
p24
p24
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
m93589*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In vitro, the initial recognition of mycobacterial components by macrophages and dendritic cells leads to the release of IL-12 and TNF and involves a number of different pattern recognition receptors (PRR), among them TLRs.
p25
p25
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
m185*m1589*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 IL-1 binding to IL-1R1 mediates recruitment of IL-1AcP. PMID: 18191460 IL-1RI and IL-18R directly bind theirs ligands, whereas IL-1RAcP and AcPL have accessory function. PMID: 18191460 Eventually, NALP3-mediated secretion of IL-1beta may induce IL-1R1/MyD88-dependent proinflammatory responses.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
m44*m1588*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 IL-1 binding to IL-1R1 mediates recruitment of IL-1AcP.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 This leads to coupling of IRAKs via MyD88 and induces a signaling cascade leading to activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs pathways. PMID: 18191460, 9575168, 9374458, 9430229 MyD88 was first shown to act as an adaptor molecule that functions to recruit IRAK to the cytoplasmic TIR domain of the IL-1R complex following stimulation with IL-1. PMID: 18191460, 9575168 A MyD88 splice variant termed MyD88short (MyD88s), which lacks the linker domain between the DD and the TIR domain does not bind IRAK4 and acts as a negative regulator of IL1R/MYD88 signals, thus leading to a controlled negative regulation of innate immune responses.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m46*m17258*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 This leads to coupling of IRAKs via MyD88 and induces a signaling cascade leading to activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs pathways.
p29
p29
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m6*m49*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 This leads to coupling of IRAKs via MyD88 and induces a signaling cascade leading to activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs pathways. PMID: 18191460, 14989423 With respect to protective immune mechanisms possibly mediated by IL-1s, the most significant property is the induction of NF-kappaB followed by the initiation of an inflammatory response and expression of NOS2 in macrophages.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
m16*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 12775723, 11404392, 10586073, 11222859 For example, the mycobacterial lipoglycans phosphoinositol-capped lipoarabinomannan (LAM), phosphatidyl myo-inositol mannosides (PIM)2 and PIM6 and the 19 kDa mycobacterial lipoprotein represent TLR2 agonists.
p30
p30
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
m21*m49*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 This leads to coupling of IRAKs via MyD88 and induces a signaling cascade leading to activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs pathways.
p31
p31
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
m20*m49*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 This leads to coupling of IRAKs via MyD88 and induces a signaling cascade leading to activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs pathways.
p32
p32
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
m5*m49*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 This leads to coupling of IRAKs via MyD88 and induces a signaling cascade leading to activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs pathways.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
m184*m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 The binding of MyD88 to IRAK4 is a mandatory step in the IRAK4-mediated phosphorylation of a crucial residue or residues in the kinase-activation loop of IRAK1, which induces the kinase activity of IRAK1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
m48*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 The binding of MyD88 to IRAK4 is a mandatory step in the IRAK4-mediated phosphorylation of a crucial residue or residues in the kinase-activation loop of IRAK1, which induces the kinase activity of IRAK1.
p35
p35
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
m1772*m1639*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In classical IFN-gamma signaling, IFN-gammaRalpha as well as JAK1 and JAK2 are tyrosine phosphorylated. PMID: 18191460, 9143700 The IFN-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR) contains two ligand-binding IFN-gammaRalpha chains associated with two signal-transducing IFN-gammaRbeta chains (Fig. 2). Both chains are required for IFN-gamma responses.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In classical IFN-gamma signaling, IFN-gammaRalpha as well as JAK1 and JAK2 are tyrosine phosphorylated.
p37
p37
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
m129*m65*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In classical IFN-gamma signaling, IFN-gammaRalpha as well as JAK1 and JAK2 are tyrosine phosphorylated.
p38
p38
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
m130*m65*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In classical IFN-gamma signaling, IFN-gammaRalpha as well as JAK1 and JAK2 are tyrosine phosphorylated.
p39
p39
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
m1357*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 JAK1 phosphorylates STAT1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
m19*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 12775723, 11404392, 10586073, 11222859 For example, the mycobacterial lipoglycans phosphoinositol-capped lipoarabinomannan (LAM), phosphatidyl myo-inositol mannosides (PIM)2 and PIM6 and the 19 kDa mycobacterial lipoprotein represent TLR2 agonists.
p40
p40
cso30:i:ME_Dimerization
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
m4238*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 After phosphorylation, two STAT1 molecules dimerize, bind to the IFN-gamma activator factor (GAF), and enter the nucleus to bind to the IFN-gamma activator sequence.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
m1788*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 After phosphorylation, two STAT1 molecules dimerize, bind to the IFN-gamma activator factor (GAF), and enter the nucleus to bind to the IFN-gamma activator sequence.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
m68*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 After phosphorylation, two STAT1 molecules dimerize, bind to the IFN-gamma activator factor (GAF), and enter the nucleus to bind to the IFN-gamma activator sequence.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m69*m71*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 After phosphorylation, two STAT1 molecules dimerize, bind to the IFN-gamma activator factor (GAF), and enter the nucleus to bind to the IFN-gamma activator sequence.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
m64*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 Importantly, MyD88 has been shown to interact with IFN-gammaRalpha thereby transducing IFN-gamma-mediated signals without affecting IFN-gamma-induced Jak-STAT signaling.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
m72*m73*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 Because IFN-gammaRalpha lacks a TIR domain and MLK3 lacks a death domain, interactions of MyD88 with IFN-gammaRalpha and MLK3 must occur through yet undefined structures. PMID: 18191460 In MyD88-dependent IFN-gamma signaling, MyD88 bridges IFN-gammaRalpha and MLK3 through yet unknown domainst.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
m74*m1828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 Because IFN-gammaRalpha lacks a TIR domain and MLK3 lacks a death domain, interactions of MyD88 with IFN-gammaRalpha and MLK3 must occur through yet undefined structures.
p47
p47
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
m20*m75*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 Subsequently, MyD88 induces a mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK-3) ? p38 signaling cascade able control gene expression by ARE-mRNA stabilization. PMID: 18191460 After activation with IFN-gamma, MyD88 controls p38 activation, which in turn regulates the stability of AREs-containing transcripts encoding inflammatory mediators.
p48
p48
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
m1596*m1611*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 10770283 The IL-1RI and IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) mediate the pleiotropic effects of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, whereas IL-18R and AcPL function as receptor subunits for IL-18. PMID: 18191460 IL-1RI and IL-18R directly bind theirs ligands, whereas IL-1RAcP and AcPL have accessory function.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
m77*m76*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 10770283 The IL-1RI and IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) mediate the pleiotropic effects of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, whereas IL-18R and AcPL function as receptor subunits for IL-18.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
m23*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 10586073 TLR4 can mediate cellular activation in response to not yet fully characterized heat- sensitive cell-associated mycobacterial factors.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 IL-1R1-like receptors dimerize and undergo a conformational change that is required for the recruitment of downstream signaling molecules.
p51
p51
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
stoichiometry:c155 : 1
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
m2906*m87*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 12563287 In these organelles, the IL-1beta and IL-18 precursors colocalize with procaspase-1 which is converted to active caspase-1 (IL-1beta converting enzyme, ICE) by a complex of proteins termed the ¡Èinflammasome¡É.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
m78*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 As summarized above, MyD88 also serves a critical role in IL-1 and IL-18 receptor/IRAK signal-transducing function and the contribution of these signals in defective immune responses observed in MyD88¡Ý/¡Ý mice cannot be excluded.
p53
p53
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
m82*m83*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 15967716 In fact, similar to TLRs, activation of the inflammasome that is involved in processing IL-1beta is thought to occur through the recognition of PAMPs by the LRRs of the NACHT-, LLR-, and pyrin-domain (NALP) containing proteins.
p54
p54
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
m86*m81*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 However, little is known about the natural stimuli that lead to the assembly and activation of the inflammasome. For example, the only bacterial component that is currently known to activate the NALP3 inflammasome is muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a degradation product of peptidoglycan from bacterial cell walls.
p55
p55
cso30:i:ME_ProteinCleavage
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
m1765*m4012*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 During initiation of IL-1beta and IL-18 synthesis, caspase-1 is activated and processes the IL-1beta and IL-18 precursors into a mature form ready for secretion.
p56
p56
cso30:i:ME_ProteinCleavage
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
m1765*m841*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 During initiation of IL-1beta and IL-18 synthesis, caspase-1 is activated and processes the IL-1beta and IL-18 precursors into a mature form ready for secretion.
p57
p57
cso30:i:ME_ProteinCleavage
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
m4012*m85*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 Hence, the possibility remains that Mtb activates the inflammasome to process IL-1beta by triggering NALP3.
PMID: 18191460, 11544324, 8766574, 9759857, 7477296 During inflammatory immune responses, IL-18 enhances T and NK cell maturation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity. PMID: 18191460, 10940889, 10227975 IL-18 can promote both TH1 and TH2 cell development dependent on underlying genetic influences and the cytokine milieu.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
m89*m76*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 11544324, 8766574, 9759857, 7477296 During inflammatory immune responses, IL-18 enhances T and NK cell maturation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m19828*m25*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 11861616, 16365150 The genome of Mtb as well as other mycobacteria contain highly immunostimulatory CpG motifs [20], and the cognate receptor, TLR9, has also been shown to be a relevant PRR for Mtb.
p60
p60
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c170 : 1
stoichiometry:c171 : 1
stoichiometry:c172 : 1
stoichiometry:c169 : 1
m93423*m76*m2121*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 10604994, 11069090 Direct effects of IL-18 on myeloid cells have also been observed and together with IL-12 costimulation of macrophages or dendritic cells can induce IFN-gamma production.
p61
p61
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c174 : 1
stoichiometry:c175 : 1
stoichiometry:c173 : 1
m76*m93248*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 11069090 Additionally, IL-18 is able to directly induce IL-6 production in macrophages.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c177 : 1
stoichiometry:c176 : 1
m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 14989423 With respect to protective immune mechanisms possibly mediated by IL-1s, the most significant property is the induction of NF-kappaB followed by the initiation of an inflammatory response and expression of NOS2 in macrophages.
p63
p63
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c178 : 1
stoichiometry:c180 : 1
stoichiometry:c179 : 1
m20*m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 16491077 In this context, MyD88-dependent signaling in IFN-gamma-treated macrophages influences activation of the p38 pathway and subsequent stabilization of adenine and uracil-rich elements (AREs) that are found in the 3¡ì-untranslated region of many short-lived mRNAs, including those encoding TNF and IP-10.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c184 : 1
stoichiometry:c181 : 1
m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 16491077 In this context, MyD88-dependent signaling in IFN-gamma-treated macrophages influences activation of the p38 pathway and subsequent stabilization of adenine and uracil-rich elements (AREs) that are found in the 3¡ì-untranslated region of many short-lived mRNAs, including those encoding TNF and IP-10. PMID: 18191460 Sun and Ding have found that in the absence of MyD88, IFN-gamma-induced mRNA stabilization but not IFN-gamma-induced transcription of TNF and IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) was diminished.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c183 : 1
stoichiometry:c182 : 1
m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460, 16491077 In this context, MyD88-dependent signaling in IFN-gamma-treated macrophages influences activation of the p38 pathway and subsequent stabilization of adenine and uracil-rich elements (AREs) that are found in the 3¡ì-untranslated region of many short-lived mRNAs, including those encoding TNF and IP-10. PMID: 18191460 Sun and Ding have found that in the absence of MyD88, IFN-gamma-induced mRNA stabilization but not IFN-gamma-induced transcription of TNF and IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) was diminished.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m3962*m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In TLR signaling, MyD88 couples TLR and IRAK through interactions of TIR domain?TIR domain and death domain?death domain (DD?DD).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
m1572*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In TLR signaling, MyD88 couples TLR and IRAK through interactions of TIR domain?TIR domain and death domain?death domain (DD?DD). PMID: 18191460, 9575168 A MyD88 splice variant termed MyD88short (MyD88s), which lacks the linker domain between the DD and the TIR domain does not bind IRAK4 and acts as a negative regulator of IL1R/MYD88 signals, thus leading to a controlled negative regulation of innate immune responses.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m184*m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18191460 In TLR signaling, MyD88 couples TLR and IRAK through interactions of TIR domain?TIR domain and death domain?death domain (DD?DD).
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--