PMID: 18241699 The immune response induced by the pathogen-associated-pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) upon binding of CpG motif-containing DNA has been widely accepted as an important pathway in the immune defense against microbial pathogens.

PMID: 18241699, 16415873, 16612387 It raises the question of how the endosomal ssRNA and DNA-recognizing receptors, TLR7 and TLR9 respectively, execute their different functions at the signaling level, because known signaling molecules e.g. MyD88, Unc93b1 and I¦ÊB-alpha are used by both TLRs.

PMID: 18241699 Upon subsequent delivery to endosomes, this DNA interacts with and stimulates TLR9, which results in signaling via MyD88 pathway.

PMID: 18241699, 16415873, 16612387 It raises the question of how the endosomal ssRNA and DNA-recognizing receptors, TLR7 and TLR9 respectively, execute their different functions at the signaling level, because known signaling molecules e.g. MyD88, Unc93b1 and I¦ÊB-alpha are used by both TLRs.

PMID: 18241699, 16415873, 16612387 It raises the question of how the endosomal ssRNA and DNA-recognizing receptors, TLR7 and TLR9 respectively, execute their different functions at the signaling level, because known signaling molecules e.g. MyD88, Unc93b1 and I¦ÊB-alpha are used by both TLRs.

PMID: 18241699, 16415873, 16612387 It raises the question of how the endosomal ssRNA and DNA-recognizing receptors, TLR7 and TLR9 respectively, execute their different functions at the signaling level, because known signaling molecules e.g. MyD88, Unc93b1 and I¦ÊB-alpha are used by both TLRs.

PMID: 18241699, 16415873, 16612387 It raises the question of how the endosomal ssRNA and DNA-recognizing receptors, TLR7 and TLR9 respectively, execute their different functions at the signaling level, because known signaling molecules e.g. MyD88, Unc93b1 and I¦ÊB-alpha are used by both TLRs.

PMID: 18241699, 16415873, 16612387 It raises the question of how the endosomal ssRNA and DNA-recognizing receptors, TLR7 and TLR9 respectively, execute their different functions at the signaling level, because known signaling molecules e.g. MyD88, Unc93b1 and I¦ÊB-alpha are used by both TLRs.

PMID: 18241699, 11842111 One most recently identified candidate is DLM-1 (also called DAI or ZBP-1), a gene prominently expressed in lymph node and spleen, which is able to act as a positive regulator of type I IFN induction by directly binding cytosolic DNA, regardless of bacterial or mammalian origin.

PMID: 18241699, 11842111 One most recently identified candidate is DLM-1 (also called DAI or ZBP-1), a gene prominently expressed in lymph node and spleen, which is able to act as a positive regulator of type I IFN induction by directly binding cytosolic DNA, regardless of bacterial or mammalian origin.