Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
TLR9 as a key receptor for the recognition of DNA.
Affiliation
Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, 3-1Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
Abstract
Unmethylated DNA with CpG-motifs is recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)and pleiotropic immune responses are elicited. Macrophages and conventionaldendritic cells (cDCs) produce proinflammatory cytokines to B/K-type CpG-DNA,whereas plasmacytoid DCs induce type I interferons to A/D-type CpG-DNA and DNAviruses. The TLR9 mediated signaling pathway is not only responsible foractivation of innate immune cells, but also for mounting acquired responses.Thus, it has been attempted to exploit TLR9 ligands as a vaccine adjuvant foranti-cancer immunotherapy. Further, TLR9 mediated signaling is implicated in thepathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.Nevertheless, recent studies revealed that double-stranded DNA can be recognizedby intracellular receptor(s) in a TLR9-independent manner. This review willfocus on the roles of TLR9 in immune responses, and its signaling pathways.
PMID
18262306
|
Entity
TNF-alpha
--
G010329
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m93309
10
infinite
0
TRANSFAC | G010329 |
--
IL-12 p40
--
G010657
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m93589
10
infinite
0
TRANSFAC | G010657 |
--
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
IRF-7{p}
--
MO000041457
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19325
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041457 |
--
TLR9
--
MO000042012
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19828
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000042012 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CgG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1:IRAK4:TRAF6:IRF-7
--
e102
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m104
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CgG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1:IRAK4:TRAF6:IRF-7{p}
--
e103
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m105
0
infinite
0
--
Type I IFN
--
e104
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m106
0
infinite
0
--
IFN inducible genes
--
e105
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m107
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1:IRAK4
--
e106
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m108
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CgG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1{p}:IRAK4
--
e107
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m109
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CgG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1{p}:IRAK4:TRAF6
--
e108
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m110
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m111
0
infinite
0
--
--
e11
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:Viral DNA
--
e110
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m112
0
infinite
0
--
Viral RNA
--
e111
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m113
0
infinite
0
--
DDX58:Viral RNA
--
e112
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m114
0
infinite
0
--
IFIH1:Viral RNA
--
e113
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m115
0
infinite
0
--
Type I IFN
--
e114
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
csml-variable:Double
m116
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m117
0
infinite
0
--
ZBP1:DNA
--
e116
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m118
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
microbial Lipoproteins
--
e14
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
micorbial lipoproteins:TLR2:TLR1
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
LPS:TLR4
--
e16
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
micorbial lipoproteins:TLR2:TLR6
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA
--
e18
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
TLR7:ssRNA
--
e19
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
TLR8:ssRNA
--
e20
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpGDNA
--
e21
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:Bacterial DNA
--
e23
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
Hemozoin
--
e24
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:hemozoin
--
e25
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpG DNA:MyD88
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1:IRAK4
--
e27
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CgG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1{p}:IRAK4
--
e28
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CgG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1{p}:IRAK4:TRAF6
--
e29
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
NF-KappaB:IKappa-B
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
NF-KappaB:IKappa-B{p}
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
degradants
--
e35
cso30:c:EntityBiological
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpG DNA:MyD88:IRF-5
--
e40
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
--
e41
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_IntegralToMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
--
e42
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulumLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
--
e43
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
--
e44
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_ExtrinsicToInternalSideOfMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
--
e45
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_Membrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
0
infinite
0
--
--
e46
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_ExtrinsicToExternalSideOfMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
Unc93B
--
e48
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpGDNA:Unc93B
--
e49
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
--
e5
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
--
e6
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
MHC Class II
--
e63
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
MHC Class II molecules
--
e64
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
Co-stimulatory molecules
--
e65
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
Co-stimulatory molecules
--
e66
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
IL-15
--
e67
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
CD40L
--
e68
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
--
e69
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
--
e70
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
--
e71
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
--
e72
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
--
e73
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
--
e74
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
0
infinite
0
--
--
e75
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
0
infinite
0
--
--
e76
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
0
infinite
0
--
--
e77
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m79
0
infinite
0
--
--
e78
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m80
0
infinite
0
--
--
e79
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m81
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
--
e80
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m82
0
infinite
0
--
--
e81
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m83
0
infinite
0
--
--
e82
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m84
0
infinite
0
--
--
e83
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m85
0
infinite
0
--
--
e84
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m86
0
infinite
0
--
--
e85
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m87
0
infinite
0
--
--
e87
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m89
0
infinite
0
--
--
e88
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m90
0
infinite
0
--
--
e89
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m91
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
CD40:CD40L
--
e90
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m92
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CgG DNA:MyD88:IRAK1{p}:IRAK4:TRAF6:IRF-1
--
e91
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m93
0
infinite
0
--
--
e93
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m95
0
infinite
0
--
--
e94
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m96
0
infinite
0
--
--
e95
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m97
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpGDNA
--
e96
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m98
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpG DNA:MyD88
--
e98
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m100
0
infinite
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m14*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,10549626,9851930,10201887 TLR2 (together with TLR1 or TLR6) and TLR4 are the receptors mainly involved in the recognition of bacteria-derived ligands, such as microbial lipoproteins and LPS, respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m1572*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 MyD88, one of these adaptors containing a TIR domain and a death domain (DD), is known to be essential for initiating TLR9 signaling.
p11
p11
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
m26*m184*m17258*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 MyD88 in turn interacts with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and IRAK-4 through its DD.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,17485511 IRAK-4 and its kinase activity are shown to be essential for TLR9-mediated cytokine production PMID: 18262306 IRAK-1 is a known substrate of IRAK-4, and phosphorylated IRAK-1 upregulates its kinase activity, and subsequently recruits tumor necrosis factor associated factor 6 (TRAF6).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
m28*m183*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRAK-1 is a known substrate of IRAK-4, and phosphorylated IRAK-1 upregulates its kinase activity, and subsequently recruits tumor necrosis factor associated factor 6 (TRAF6).
p14
p14
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
m29*m1573*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,11460167 Downstream of TRAF6, transforming growth factor-beta associated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated to the phosphorylate IKappaB kinase (IKK) complex, which phosphorylates IKappaB to induce nuclear translocation of NF-KappaB
p15
p15
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
m30*m207*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306, 11460167 Downstream of TRAF6, transforming growth factor-beta associated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated to the phosphorylate IKappaB kinase (IKK) complex, which phosphorylates IKappaB to induce nuclear translocation of NF-KappaB
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
m31*m32*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306, 11460167 Downstream of TRAF6, transforming growth factor-beta associated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated to the phosphorylate IKappaB kinase (IKK) complex, which phosphorylates IKappaB to induce nuclear translocation of NF-KappaB
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306, 11460167 Downstream of TRAF6, transforming growth factor-beta associated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated to the phosphorylate IKappaB kinase (IKK) complex, which phosphorylates I¦ÊB to induce nuclear translocation of NF-KappaB
p18
p18
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
m30*m69*m6443*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Figure1 PMID: 18262306,16862162,16186825 A study of Ubc13-deificient mice revealed that UBC13 is prerequisite for the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, but is dispensable for NF-KappaB activation, whereas TAK1 is required for both
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
m33*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Figure1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m155666*m3961*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,10549626,9851930,10201887 TLR2 (together with TLR1 or TLR6) and TLR4 are the receptors mainly involved in the recognition of bacteria-derived ligands, such as microbial lipoproteins and LPS, respectively
p20
p20
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
m35*m219*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Figure 1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Figure 1
p22
p22
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m34*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Transcription factors NF-KappaB and AP-1 are responsible for the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12. PMID: 18262306,12626561 Upon B or K-type CpG-DNA stimulation, cDCs and macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, and upregulate surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Transcription factors NF-KappaB and AP-1 are responsible for the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12. PMID: 18262306,12626561 Upon B or K-type CpG-DNA stimulation, cDCs and macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, and upregulate surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules
p22
p24
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
m34*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Transcription factors NF-KappaB and AP-1 are responsible for the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12. PMID: 18262306,12626561 Upon B or K-type CpG-DNA stimulation, cDCs and macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, and upregulate surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Transcription factors NF-KappaB and AP-1 are responsible for the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12. PMID: 18262306,12626561 Upon B or K-type CpG-DNA stimulation, cDCs and macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, and upregulate surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules
p22
p26
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m34*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Transcription factors NF-KappaB and AP-1 are responsible for the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12. PMID: 18262306,12626561 Upon B or K-type CpG-DNA stimulation, cDCs and macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, and upregulate surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Transcription factors NF-KappaB and AP-1 are responsible for the transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12. PMID: 18262306,12626561 Upon B or K-type CpG-DNA stimulation, cDCs and macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, and upregulate surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
m26*m979*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-5 interacts with MyD88 and TLR stimulation induces nuclear translocation of IRF-5 which regulates the production of several cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-5 interacts with MyD88 and TLR stimulation induces nuclear translocation of IRF-5 which regulates the production of several cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m14*m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,10549626,9851930,10201887 TLR2 (together with TLR1 or TLR6) and TLR4 are the receptors mainly involved in the recognition of bacteria-derived ligands, such as microbial lipoproteins and LPS, respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-5 interacts with MyD88 and TLR stimulation induces nuclear translocation of IRF-5 which regulates the production of several cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-5 interacts with MyD88 and TLR stimulation induces nuclear translocation of IRF-5 which regulates the production of several cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-5 interacts with MyD88 and TLR stimulation induces nuclear translocation of IRF-5 which regulates the production of several cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
p33
p33
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
m93309*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-5 interacts with MyD88 and TLR stimulation induces nuclear translocation of IRF-5 which regulates the production of several cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
p33
p34
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
m93248*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-5 interacts with MyD88 and TLR stimulation induces nuclear translocation of IRF-5 which regulates the production of several cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
p33
p35
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
m93589*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-5 interacts with MyD88 and TLR stimulation induces nuclear translocation of IRF-5 which regulates the production of several cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
m48*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,14716310 TLR9 is originally localized in the ER, and then migrates to the endosome when the cells are stimulated
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
m49*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
m64*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,12626561 Upon B or K-type CpG-DNA stimulation, cDCs and macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, and upregulate surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
m67*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,12626561 Upon B or K-type CpG-DNA stimulation, cDCs and macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, and upregulate surface expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules
p4
p4
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m3965*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,11607032,14976261,14976262,11812998 TLR3 and 7 (and possibly 8) are involved in the recognition of double-stranded (ds) and single-stranded (ss) RNA, respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m68*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 cDC produces IL-15 upon TLR9 stimulation
p41
p41
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
m93494*m1956*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IL-15 in turn activates pDC to express CD40L on its surface.
p42
p42
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
m93612*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 At the same time, TLR9 signaling facilitates expression of CD40 on cDC
p43
p43
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
m1837*m70*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Consequently, crosstalk between cDC and pDC via CD40-CD40L ligation leads to production of IL-12 from cDC.
p44
p44
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
m92*m93589*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 Consequently, crosstalk between cDC and pDC via CD40-CD40L ligation leads to production of IL-12 from cDC.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
m970*m29*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,17018642 It was revealed that IRF-1 also interacts with MyD88, and IRF-1, but not IRF-7, and is activated in response to TLR9 stimulation of cDCs to control the expression of IFN-beta
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
m93*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,17018642 It was revealed that IRF-1 also interacts with MyD88, and IRF-1, but not IRF-7, and is activated in response to TLR9 stimulation of cDCs to control the expression of IFN-beta
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
m94*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,17018642 It was revealed that IRF-1 also interacts with MyD88, and IRF-1, but not IRF-7, and is activated in response to TLR9 stimulation of cDCs to control the expression of IFN-beta
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
m88*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,11130078 TLR9 was first cloned and identified as a receptor for unmethylated CpG-DNA as well as for bacterial DNA in 2000
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c131 : 1
stoichiometry:c132 : 1
stoichiometry:c133 : 1
m99*m98*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 MyD88, one of these adaptors containing a TIR domain and a death domain (DD), is known to be essential for initiating TLR9 signaling.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m19940*m18*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,11607032,14976261,14976262,11812998 TLR3 and 7 (and possibly 8) are involved in the recognition of double-stranded (ds) and single-stranded (ss) RNA, respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c151 : 1
stoichiometry:c152 : 1
stoichiometry:c153 : 1
m980*m110*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,15361868 IRF-7 directly interacts with MyD88 and forms a large complex with IRAK-1, IRAK-4 and TRAF6 in pDCs
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c139 : 1
stoichiometry:c141 : 1
m104*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-7 is phosphorylated in the complex and translocates into the nucleus to induce transcription of type I IFNs and IFN-inducible genes.
p52
p52
cso30:i:ME_Translocation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c142 : 1
stoichiometry:c143 : 1
stoichiometry:c154 : 1
m105*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-7 is phosphorylated in the complex and translocates into the nucleus to induce transcription of type I IFNs and IFN-inducible genes.
p53
p53
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c144 : 1
stoichiometry:c145 : 1
m19325*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-7 is phosphorylated in the complex and translocates into the nucleus to induce transcription of type I IFNs and IFN-inducible genes.
p53
p54
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c146 : 1
stoichiometry:c147 : 1
m19325*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRF-7 is phosphorylated in the complex and translocates into the nucleus to induce transcription of type I IFNs and IFN-inducible genes.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c134 : 1
stoichiometry:c135 : 1
stoichiometry:c136 : 1
stoichiometry:c137 : 1
m101*m102*m100*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 MyD88 in turn interacts with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and IRAK-4 through its DD.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c138 : 1
stoichiometry:c140 : 1
m108*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,17485511 IRAK-4 and its kinase activity are shown to be essential for TLR9-mediated cytokine production PMID: 18262306 IRAK-1 is a known substrate of IRAK-4, and phosphorylated IRAK-1 upregulates its kinase activity, and subsequently recruits tumor necrosis factor associated factor 6 (TRAF6).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c148 : 1
stoichiometry:c149 : 1
stoichiometry:c150 : 1
m109*m103*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 IRAK-1 is a known substrate of IRAK-4, and phosphorylated IRAK-1 upregulates its kinase activity, and subsequently recruits tumor necrosis factor associated factor 6 (TRAF6).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c155 : 1
stoichiometry:c156 : 1
stoichiometry:c157 : 1
m111*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 TLR9 also recognizes bacterial and viral DNA
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c158 : 1
stoichiometry:c159 : 1
stoichiometry:c160 : 1
m41844*m113*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,16424890 Nevertheless, recent studies revealed that cytosolic PRRs called Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG-I)-like helicases (RLHs) can recognize viral RNA in the cytosol
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m18*m19823*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,11607032,14976261,14976262,11812998 TLR3 and 7 (and possibly 8) are involved in the recognition of double-stranded (ds) and single-stranded (ss) RNA, respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c161 : 1
stoichiometry:c162 : 1
stoichiometry:c163 : 1
m76904*m113*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,16424890 Nevertheless, recent studies revealed that cytosolic PRRs called Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG-I)-like helicases (RLHs) can recognize viral RNA in the cytosol PMID: 18262306 The recognition of viral RNAs by these helicases induces production of type I IFNs and an associated antiviral response.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c165 : 1
stoichiometry:c164 : 1
m115*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 The recognition of viral RNAs by these helicases induces production of type I IFNs and an associated antiviral response.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c166 : 1
stoichiometry:c167 : 1
m114*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306 The recognition of viral RNAs by these helicases induces production of type I IFNs and an associated antiviral response.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c168 : 1
stoichiometry:c169 : 1
stoichiometry:c170 : 1
m36323*m117*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,17618271 Recently, a potential cytoplasmic DNA receptor named DAI (also known as DLM1 or ZBP1) was identified
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m19828*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,11130078 TLR9 was first cloned and identified as a receptor for unmethylated CpG-DNA as well as for bacterial DNA in 2000
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
m22*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,11130078 TLR9 was first cloned and identified as a receptor for unmethylated CpG-DNA as well as for bacterial DNA in 2000 PMID: 18262306 TLR9 also recognizes bacterial and viral DNA
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
m24*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18262306,15630134 In addition to DNA, hemozoin (HZ) derived from the malaria parasite Plasmodium acts as a TLR9 ligand
cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputProcess
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
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0
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
1,
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
1,
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cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
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0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
1,
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cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
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0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
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0
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--