Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Toll-like receptors regulation of viral infection and disease.
Affiliation
Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA.
Abstract
In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that mammalian Toll-likereceptors (TLRs) play a critical role in determining the outcome of virusinfection. TLRs have evolved to recognize viral nucleic acids, and promote thestimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, the study ofmice harboring deficiencies in various TLR proteins and their adaptors suggeststhat TLR activation promotes protective anti-viral immunity in some cases, whileexacerbating virus-induced disease in others. In this report we describe theinteractions of viruses with both the TLR system and the intracellularrecognition system and highlight the role of TLRs in shaping the outcome ofvirus infection in both a positive and negative manner.
PMID
18280610
|
Entity
NF-kappaB
--
MO000000058
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
IFN Type I
--
MO000016658
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1634
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000016658 |
--
cytokines
--
MO000019387
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m3957
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000019387 |
--
TLR3
--
MO000019398
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m3965
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000019398 |
--
dsRNA
--
MO000022224
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m119368
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000022224 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3
--
MO000041446
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19314
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041446 |
--
TLR7
--
MO000042126
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19940
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000042126 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
--
e11
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
RIG-1
--
e12
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: RIG-1
--
e13
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: Mda-5
--
e14
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
--
e15
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_MitochondrialCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
--
e16
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_MitochondrialChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
--
e17
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_MitochondrialMatrix
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
--
e18
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Mitochondria
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
--
e19
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_MitochondrialIntermembraneSpace
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
--
e20
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_MitochondrialOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
--
e21
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_MitochondrialLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
--
e22
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_MitochondrialEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
--
e23
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_MitochondrialInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: Mda-5: MAVS
--
e24
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: RIG-1: MAVS
--
e25
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
poly I: C: TLR3
--
e29
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR7
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
imidazoquinoline: TLR7
--
e31
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
imidazoquinoline
--
e32
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA: TLR8
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9
--
e34
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
chloroquine
--
e35
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
bafilomycin
--
e36
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
MyD88: IRF-7
--
e37
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA: TLR9: MyD88: IRF-7
--
e38
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
B DNA: DAI
--
e40
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
antiviral signaling complex
--
e41
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
B: DNA: antiviral signaling complex
--
e42
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
NF-kappaB{activated}
--
e43
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000000058 |
--
IFN Type I
--
e44
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
UNC-93B
--
e45
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_Membrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
0
infinite
0
--
TLR3: UNC-93B
--
e46
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9: UNC-93B
--
e47
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
TLR7: UNC-93B
--
e48
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
0
infinite
0
--
HSV viral ligand
--
e49
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
--
e5
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
--
e6
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
HSV viral ligand: TLR2
--
e63
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
HA proteins of Measels virus
--
e64
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
HA proteins of Measels virus: TLR2
--
e65
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
cytokines
--
e66
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
MMTV env protein
--
e67
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
MMTV env protein: TLR4
--
e68
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4
--
e69
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: MAL
--
e70
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m71
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: MAL: MyD88
--
e71
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m72
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR
--
e72
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m73
0
infinite
0
--
TLR ligand: TLR: MyD88
--
e73
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m74
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: TRAM
--
e74
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m75
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA: TLR3: TRIF
--
e75
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m76
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4 ligand: TLR4: TRAM: TRIF
--
e76
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m77
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK: TRAF6
--
e77
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m78
0
infinite
0
--
IRAK: TRAF6{activated}
--
e78
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m79
0
infinite
0
--
synthetic poly U RNA
--
e79
cso30:c:RnaOther
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m80
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
synthetic poly U RNA: TLR7
--
e80
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m81
0
infinite
0
--
non-viral cellular RNA: TLR7
--
e81
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
csml-variable:Double
m82
0
infinite
0
--
non-viral cellular RNA
--
e82
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m83
0
infinite
0
--
cellular RNA
--
e83
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m84
0
infinite
0
--
cleaved RNA
--
e84
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m85
0
infinite
0
--
cleaved RNA: Mda-5
--
e85
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m86
0
infinite
0
--
cleaved RNA: RIG-1
--
e86
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m87
0
infinite
0
--
--
e87
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_IntegralToMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m88
0
infinite
0
--
--
e88
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_ExtrinsicToExternalSideOfMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m89
0
infinite
0
--
--
e89
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m90
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
--
e90
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_Membrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m91
0
infinite
0
--
--
e91
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulum_ExtrinsicToInternalSideOfMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m92
0
infinite
0
--
--
e92
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndoplasmicReticulumLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m93
0
infinite
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m12*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15208624, 15563593 RNA viruses are efficiently recognized by the cytoplasmic RNA helicases, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). PMID: 18280610 Both of these proteins recognize viral RNA through their helicase domains.
p10
p10
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m26*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 11130078 In this case, it is the recognition of viral DNA that stimulates TLR9. Bacterial DNA sequences containing hypomethylated CpG motifs were first shown to activate TLR9. PMID: 18280610, 12900525 As predicted, this response was dependent upon acidification of the endosome, as treatment with chloroquine or bafilomycin [61] abrogated recognition.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
m35*m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15815647 Furthermore, Honda et al. demonstrated that the ability of pDCs to retain the TLR9 ligand, CpG DNA, in the endosomal vesicle for long periods of time is critical to recruit a signaling complex containing MyD88 and the transcription factor IRF-7.
p12
p12
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
m36323*m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 17618271 Recently, Takaoka et al. identified the DAI protein (also known as DLM-1/ZBP1) as a candidate intracellular DNA sensing molecule. PMID: 18280610 DAI physically interacts with the B form of DNA in the cytosol and recruits an anti-viral signaling complex that results in the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I IFNs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
m41*m42*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610 DAI physically interacts with the B form of DNA in the cytosol and recruits an anti-viral signaling complex that results in the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I IFNs.
p14
p14
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
m30*m43*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610 DAI physically interacts with the B form of DNA in the cytosol and recruits an anti-viral signaling complex that results in the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I IFNs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
m45*m43*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610 DAI physically interacts with the B form of DNA in the cytosol and recruits an anti-viral signaling complex that results in the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I IFNs.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
m3965*m46*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 17452530 Recently, Brinkmann et al. demonstrated a physical interaction between wild type, but not mutated, UNC-93B and all three endosomal TLRs (TLR3, 7, and 9).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
m46*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 17452530 Recently, Brinkmann et al. demonstrated a physical interaction between wild type, but not mutated, UNC-93B and all three endosomal TLRs (TLR3, 7, and 9).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
m46*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 17452530 Recently, Brinkmann et al. demonstrated a physical interaction between wild type, but not mutated, UNC-93B and all three endosomal TLRs (TLR3, 7, and 9).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
m3964*m63*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 16177057 Of note, an additional report demonstrated that TLR2 induces apoptosis of HSV-infected microgial cells, potentially implicating microglial cells in the regulation of the inflammatory response following HSV infection.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m76904*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15208624, 15563593 RNA viruses are efficiently recognized by the cytoplasmic RNA helicases, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). PMID: 18280610 Both of these proteins recognize viral RNA through their helicase domains.
PMID: 18280610, 16177057 Of note, an additional report demonstrated that TLR2 induces apoptosis of HSV-infected microgial cells, potentially implicating microglial cells in the regulation of the inflammatory response following HSV infection.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
m65*m3964*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 12163593 Recently, Bieback et al. demonstrated that the HA protein of Measles virus induces cytokine secretion in a TLR2-dependent manner.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m67*m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 12163593 Recently, Bieback et al. demonstrated that the HA protein of Measles virus induces cytokine secretion in a TLR2-dependent manner.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
m66*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 12163593 Interestingly, this interaction also results in upregulated expression of the MV receptor, CD150, suggesting that HA-TLR2 interactions in fact benefit the virus at the expense of the host unless increased infection can be viewed as an effective antiviral strategy.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
m3961*m68*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 12730691 Likewise, the interaction of the MMTV env protein with TLR4 provides a selective advantage to the virus by promoting infection of target cells, transcription of the viral genome, and release of the immunoregulatory cytokine, IL-10.
p25
p25
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m94230*m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 12730691 Likewise, the interaction of the MMTV env protein with TLR4 provides a selective advantage to the virus by promoting infection of target cells, transcription of the viral genome, and release of the immunoregulatory cytokine, IL-10.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610 For example, the induction of IFNalpha by VSV, SeV, and Flu in pDCs is completely dependent upon TLR7.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m70*m43675*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15229469 TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, which is utilized by all TLRs except for TLR3, as well as TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM (for TLR4), are recruited to the receptor and activate a complex containing IRAKs and TRAFs which signal through NF-kappaB.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m71*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15229469 TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, which is utilized by all TLRs except for TLR3, as well as TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM (for TLR4), are recruited to the receptor and activate a complex containing IRAKs and TRAFs which signal through NF-kappaB.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
m1572*m73*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15229469 TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, which is utilized by all TLRs except for TLR3, as well as TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM (for TLR4), are recruited to the receptor and activate a complex containing IRAKs and TRAFs which signal through NF-kappaB.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
m68199*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 16125763, 16127453, 16177806 Both RIG-I and MDA5 utilize a common adaptor molecule termed MAVS [29], IPS-1 [30], Cardif [31], or VISA [32], which was independently identified by multiple groups and localizes to the mitochondrial membrane.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
m19005*m70*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15229469 TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, which is utilized by all TLRs except for TLR3, as well as TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM (for TLR4), are recruited to the receptor and activate a complex containing IRAKs and TRAFs which signal through NF-kappaB.
p31
p31
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
m19314*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15229469 TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, which is utilized by all TLRs except for TLR3, as well as TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM (for TLR4), are recruited to the receptor and activate a complex containing IRAKs and TRAFs which signal through NF-kappaB.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
m75*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15229469 TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, which is utilized by all TLRs except for TLR3, as well as TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM (for TLR4), are recruited to the receptor and activate a complex containing IRAKs and TRAFs which signal through NF-kappaB.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
m78*m74*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15229469 TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, which is utilized by all TLRs except for TLR3, as well as TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM (for TLR4), are recruited to the receptor and activate a complex containing IRAKs and TRAFs which signal through NF-kappaB.
p34
p34
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
m30*m79*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15229469 TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules, MyD88, which is utilized by all TLRs except for TLR3, as well as TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM (for TLR4), are recruited to the receptor and activate a complex containing IRAKs and TRAFs which signal through NF-kappaB.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
m44*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610 Ultimately, TLR stimulation culminates in the synthesis of antiviral cytokines, such as type I IFNs, IL-1beta, and IL-6, which may directly suppress viral replication.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
m44*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610 Ultimately, TLR stimulation culminates in the synthesis of antiviral cytokines, such as type I IFNs, IL-1beta, and IL-6, which may directly suppress viral replication.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m44*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610 Ultimately, TLR stimulation culminates in the synthesis of antiviral cytokines, such as type I IFNs, IL-1beta, and IL-6, which may directly suppress viral replication.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
m19940*m80*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 14976261, 14976262, 17111347 TLR7 recognition of viral RNA, synthetic polyU RNA, and even non-viral, cellular RNA in the endosome is sufficient to stimulate TLR7-dependent cytokine production.
p39
p39
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c111 : 1
stoichiometry:c112 : 1
m19940*m83*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 14976261, 14976262, 17111347 TLR7 recognition of viral RNA, synthetic polyU RNA, and even non-viral, cellular RNA in the endosome is sufficient to stimulate TLR7-dependent cytokine production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m68199*m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 16125763, 16127453, 16177806 Both RIG-I and MDA5 utilize a common adaptor molecule termed MAVS [29], IPS-1 [30], Cardif [31], or VISA [32], which was independently identified by multiple groups and localizes to the mitochondrial membrane.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c113 : 1
stoichiometry:c128 : 1
stoichiometry:c116 : 1
m67*m82*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 14976261, 14976262, 17111347 TLR7 recognition of viral RNA, synthetic polyU RNA, and even non-viral, cellular RNA in the endosome is sufficient to stimulate TLR7-dependent cytokine production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c114 : 1
stoichiometry:c129 : 1
stoichiometry:c117 : 1
m67*m81*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 14976261, 14976262, 17111347 TLR7 recognition of viral RNA, synthetic polyU RNA, and even non-viral, cellular RNA in the endosome is sufficient to stimulate TLR7-dependent cytokine production.
p42
p42
cso30:i:ME_Translation
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c115 : 1
stoichiometry:c130 : 1
stoichiometry:c118 : 1
m67*m31*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 14976261, 14976262, 17111347 TLR7 recognition of viral RNA, synthetic polyU RNA, and even non-viral, cellular RNA in the endosome is sufficient to stimulate TLR7-dependent cytokine production.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c119 : 1
stoichiometry:c121 : 1
stoichiometry:c120 : 1
m84*m36179*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 17653195 The authors demonstrated that cellular RNAs cleaved by the antiviral endoribonuclease, RNaseL, which contain 3' monophosphoryl group, efficiently serve as a ligand for both RIG-I and MDA5.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c122 : 1
stoichiometry:c123 : 1
stoichiometry:c124 : 1
m76904*m85*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 17653195 The authors demonstrated that cellular RNAs cleaved by the antiviral endoribonuclease, RNaseL, which contain 3' monophosphoryl group, efficiently serve as a ligand for both RIG-I and MDA5.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c125 : 1
stoichiometry:c126 : 1
stoichiometry:c127 : 1
m12*m85*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 17653195 The authors demonstrated that cellular RNAs cleaved by the antiviral endoribonuclease, RNaseL, which contain 3' monophosphoryl group, efficiently serve as a ligand for both RIG-I and MDA5.
p5
p5
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m119368*m3965*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 16641297 Double stranded RNA intermediates are produced during the replication cycle of most viruses, including viruses with DNA genomes [47], and these RNA secondary structures are thought to be recognized by TLR3.
p6
p6
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m28*m3965*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 16625202, 16714379 It is clear that TLR3 responds to the artificial dsRNA mimic, polyiosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyIC), when it is provided extracellularly.
p7
p7
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m33*m19940*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 11812998 TLR7 was originally shown to be responsible for mediating the antiviral effects induced following delivery of imidazoquinoline compounds.
p8
p8
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
m19940*m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15123819 It is now clear that TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single stranded RNA (ssRNA) and induce innate immune responses to ssRNA-viruses. PMID: 18280610, 14976262 TLR7-dependent signaling was also induced following delivery of single stranded RNA oligonucleotides derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA.
p9
p9
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
m19823*m27*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280610, 15123819 It is now clear that TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single stranded RNA (ssRNA) and induce innate immune responses to ssRNA-viruses.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--