Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Cytosolic DNA recognition for triggering innate immune responses.
Affiliation
Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine,Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. takaoka@igm.hokudai.ac.jp
Abstract
The detection of microbial components by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)and the subsequent triggering of innate immune responses constitute the firstline of defense against infections. Recently, much attention has been focused oncytosolic nucleic acid receptors; the activation of these receptors commonlyevokes a robust innate immune response, the hallmark of which is the inductionof type I interferon (IFN) genes. In addition to receptors for RNA, receptorsthat detect DNA exposed in the cytosol and activate innate immune responses havelong been thought to exist. Recently, DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) has been identified as acandidate cytosolic DNA sensor. Cytosolic signaling by DNA-activated DAI(DLM-1/ZBP1) signaling results in activation of the two pathways of genetranscription critical to innate immune responses, the IRF and NF-kappaBpathways. In this review, we summarize our current view of activation mechanismand immunological roles of DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) and related molecules. In addition,we also discuss the issue of self vs. non-self DNA recognition by DAI(DLM-1/ZBP1) and other DNA sensors in terms of the possible involvement inautoimmune abnormalities.
PMID
18280611
|
Entity
MyD88
--
MO000016573
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m1572
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR000157 |
TRANSPATH | MO000016573 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3:TRIF
--
MO000041437
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m19305
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041437 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3
--
MO000041446
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19314
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041446 |
--
IRF-3{p}:IRF-3{p}
--
MO000088437
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m316590
10
infinite
0
TRANSFAC | T09392 |
TRANSPATH | MO000088437 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
L.monocytogenes
--
e10
cso30:c:Cell
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
--
e11
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA
--
e12
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:TLR7
--
e13
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:TLR8
--
e14
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
CpG DNA
--
e16
cso30:c:Dna
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m16
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9:CpG DNA
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
DDX58:dsRNA
--
e18
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
PKZ
--
e19
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
Poly(rI:rC)
--
e20
cso30:c:SmallMolecule
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
0
infinite
0
--
DAI
--
e21
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m25
0
infinite
0
--
SmtB
--
e26
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
DAI:SmtB
--
e27
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m27
0
infinite
0
--
Mar
--
e28
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
DAI:Mar
--
e29
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
ADARs
--
e30
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
SmtB:ADARs
--
e31
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
ADARs:Mar
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
ADARs:dsRNA
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
dsRNA:IFIH1
--
e34
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA
--
e35
cso30:c:Rna
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:DDX58
--
e36
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
DLM-1
--
e37
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-alpha
--
e38
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
S.flexneri
--
e39
cso30:c:Cell
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
enterophathogenic e.coli
--
e40
cso30:c:Cell
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
L.pnemophila
--
e41
cso30:c:Cell
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m41
0
infinite
0
--
Type I IFN
--
e42
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m42
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m43
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m44
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m45
0
infinite
0
--
E3L:dsRNA
--
e46
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m46
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m47
0
infinite
0
--
DAI:B-DNA:IRF-3:TBK1
--
e48
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m48
0
infinite
0
--
IRF-3{p}:IRF-3{p}
--
e49
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m49
10
infinite
0
TRANSFAC | T09392 |
TRANSPATH | MO000088437 |
--
--
e5
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Endosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m5
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
--
e6
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_EndosomeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m6
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
IFN-alpha
--
e63
cso30:c:mRNA
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m63
0
infinite
0
--
DDX58:dsRNA:MAVS
--
e64
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m64
0
infinite
0
--
TLr9:CpG DNA:MyD88
--
e65
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m65
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:TLR8:MyD88
--
e66
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m66
0
infinite
0
--
ssRNA:TLR7:MyD88
--
e67
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m67
0
infinite
0
--
IFIH1:dsRNA:MAVS
--
e68
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m68
0
infinite
0
--
Atg5:Atg12
--
e69
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m69
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
Atg5:Atg12:DDX58:dsRNA:MAVS
--
e70
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
csml-variable:Double
m70
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
m3965*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,12524386 As for RNA recognition, TLR3 and TLR7/8 detect double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) and single-stranded RNA (ss-RNA), respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
m21*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 It is quite interesting to presume that these bacterial proteins such as SmtB and MarR might interact with DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) or ADARs through the Zbeta domain.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
m26*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 It is quite interesting to presume that these bacterial proteins such as SmtB and MarR might interact with DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) or ADARs through the Zbeta domain.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
m28*m30*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 It is quite interesting to presume that these bacterial proteins such as SmtB and MarR might interact with DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) or ADARs through the Zbeta domain.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
m30*m15*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 ADARs bind to ds-RNA through its ds-RNA-binding domains to deaminate adenosine (A) to inosine (I) for RNA editing.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
m15*m76904*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figure1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
m35*m41844*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figure1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
m1639*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,10564822 Further study revealed that DLM-1 is upregulated not only in tumor stromal cells but also in macrophages upon stimulation with type II IFN (IFN-gamma).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
m38*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,17618271 This gene can also be induced by treatment with type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta)
p17
p18
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
m1636*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,17618271 This gene can also be induced by treatment with type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta)
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
m44*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,16413926,10564822 DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) mRNA expression is also regulated by signaling triggered by PAMPs such as B-form DNA (B-DNA), IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m19940*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,12524386 As for RNA recognition, TLR3 and TLR7/8 detect double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) and single-stranded RNA (ss-RNA), respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
m43*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,16413926,10564822 DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) mRNA expression is also regulated by signaling triggered by PAMPs such as B-form DNA (B-DNA), IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
p19
p21
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
m157177*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,16413926,10564822 DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) mRNA expression is also regulated by signaling triggered by PAMPs such as B-form DNA (B-DNA), IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
m10*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,12359878,3295042,16413926 Type I IFN activation can be evoked by intracellular infection by several bacteria, including L. monocytogenes,S. flexneri, enterophathogenic E. coli and L. pneumophila
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
m39*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,12359878,3295042,16413926 Type I IFN activation can be evoked by intracellular infection by several bacteria, including L. monocytogenes,S. flexneri, enterophathogenic E. coli and L. pneumophila
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
m40*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,12359878,3295042,16413926 Type I IFN activation can be evoked by intracellular infection by several bacteria, including L. monocytogenes,S. flexneri, enterophathogenic E. coli and L. pneumophila
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m41*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,12359878,3295042,16413926 Type I IFN activation can be evoked by intracellular infection by several bacteria, including L. monocytogenes,S. flexneri, enterophathogenic E. coli and L. pneumophila
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
m15*m45*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 E3L also contains a double-stranded RNA binding domain at the C-terminus.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
m44*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611
p28
p28
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
m3902*m977*m47*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,16286919 IRF-3 is activated by B-DNA through the TBK1- and IKKi-dependent signaling pathway PMID: 18280611 Figue 2 PMID: 18280611,17618271 Moreover, DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) associates with both TBK1 and IRF-3 in a ligand-dependent manner
p29
p29
cso30:i:ME_Phosphorylation
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
m48*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figue 2
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m19823*m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,12524386 As for RNA recognition, TLR3 and TLR7/8 detect double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) and single-stranded RNA (ss-RNA), respectively
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
m316590*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figue 2
p31
p31
cso30:i:ME_Dimerization
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
m19324*0.1
nodelay
--
0
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
m49*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figue 2
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
m49*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figue 2
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
m18*m68199*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figure 1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
m17*m1572*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figue 1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
m1572*m14*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figue 1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c97 : 1
stoichiometry:c98 : 1
m1572*m13*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figue 1
p35
p38
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c99 : 1
stoichiometry:c104 : 1
stoichiometry:c105 : 1
m19314*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figue 1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c103 : 1
stoichiometry:c110 : 1
stoichiometry:c106 : 1
m64*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,17709747 However, the Atg5?Atg12 conjugate, a key component of the autophagic machinery, interacts with the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I and its adaptor IFN-¦Â promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1), resulting in the inhibition of the type I IFN production pathway
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m19828*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 On the other hand, TLR9 recognizes specific DNA sequences that contain unmethylated CpG motifs, which are commonly found in the genomes of infectious bacteria and viruses.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c100 : 1
stoichiometry:c101 : 1
stoichiometry:c102 : 1
m34*m68199*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figure 1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c107 : 1
stoichiometry:c108 : 1
stoichiometry:c109 : 1
m64*m69*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,17709747 However, the Atg5?Atg12 conjugate, a key component of the autophagic machinery, interacts with the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I and its adaptor IFN-¦Â promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1), resulting in the inhibition of the type I IFN production pathway
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m41844*m15*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 Figure1
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
m20*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,15659550 PKZ is constitutively expressed at low levels and is highly induced in response to stimulation with poly(rI:rC), which mimics viral ds-RNA
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
m22*m24*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,11524677,10364558 Further study by Rich's group provided a structural basis of the Zalpha domain of DLM-1 or ADAR1 to interact with characteristic features of the left-handed helical Z-DNA backbone
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
m22*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611,11524677,10364558 Further study by Rich's group provided a structural basis of the Zalpha domain of DLM-1 or ADAR1 to interact with characteristic features of the left-handed helical Z-DNA backbone
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
m26*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18280611 It is quite interesting to presume that these bacterial proteins such as SmtB and MarR might interact with DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) or ADARs through the Zbeta domain.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputInhibitor
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--