Original Literature | Model OverView |
---|---|
Publication
Title
Lipopolysaccharide sensing an important factor in the innate immune response toGram-negative bacterial infections: benefits and hazards of LPShypersensitivity.
Affiliation
Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, Stubeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.freudenberg@immunobio.mpg.de
Abstract
In this review, we summarize our investigations concerning the differentialimportance of CD14 and LBP in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloiddifferentiation protein-2 (MD-2)-mediated signaling by smooth and rough-formlipopolysaccharide (LPS) chemotypes and include the results obtained in studieswith murine and human TLR4-transgenic mice. Furthermore, we present more recentdata on the mechanisms involved in the induction of LPS hypersensitivity bybacterial and viral infections and on the reactivity of the hypersensitive hostto non-LPS microbial ligands and endogenous mediators. Finally, the effects ofpre-existing hypersensitivity on the course and outcome of a super-infectionwith Salmonella typhimurium or Listeria monocytogenes are summarized.
PMID
18406367
|
Entity
S form-LPS:LBP
--
MO000021928
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m6254
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000021928 |
--
S-formLPS:LBP:CD14
--
MO000021929
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m6255
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000021929 |
--
dsRNA
--
MO000022224
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m119368
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000022224 |
--
IFNalpha, IFNbeta
--
MO000038482
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m16692
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000038482 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3:TRIF
--
MO000041437
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19305
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041437 |
--
dsRNA:TLR3
--
MO000041446
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m19314
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000041446 |
--
--
e1
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m1
0
infinite
0
--
--
e10
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m10
0
infinite
0
--
TLR4: MD-2
--
e11
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m11
0
infinite
0
--
S form-LPS:LBP:CD14: TLR4: MD-2
--
e12
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m12
0
infinite
0
--
R form-LPS: TLR4: MD-2
--
e13
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m13
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m14
0
infinite
0
--
lipid A: TLR4: MD-2
--
e15
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m15
0
infinite
0
--
IL-12 : IL-12R
--
e17
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m17
0
infinite
0
--
LP
--
e18
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
csml-variable:Double
m18
0
infinite
0
--
IL-18: IL-18R
--
e19
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m19
0
infinite
0
--
--
e2
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_ExternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m2
0
infinite
0
--
STAT4 {activated}
--
e20
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m20
10
infinite
0
InterPro | IPR008967 |
TRANSPATH | MO000017181 |
--
IFNalpha, IFNbeta [activated}
--
e21
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_CellComponent
--
csml-variable:Double
m21
10
infinite
0
TRANSPATH | MO000038482 |
--
S form-LPS:LBP:CD14: TLR4: MD-2: MyD88: MAL
--
e22
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m22
0
infinite
0
--
S form-LPS:LBP:CD14: TLR4: MD-2: TRIF: TRAM
--
e23
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m23
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m24
10
infinite
0
Ensembl | ENSG00000147877 |
HGNC | IFNA7 |
OMIM | 147567 |
Proteome | HumanPSD/IFNA7 |
RefSeq | NM_021057 |
TRANSFAC | G000306 |
Unigene | Hs.282274 |
--
TLR2: TLR6
--
e26
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m26
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m28
0
infinite
0
--
LP: TLR2:TLR1
--
e29
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m29
0
infinite
0
--
--
e3
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m3
0
infinite
0
--
PGN: TLR2:TLR1
--
e30
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m30
0
infinite
0
--
LTA: TLR2:TLR1
--
e31
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m31
0
infinite
0
--
LP: TLR2: TLR6
--
e32
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m32
0
infinite
0
--
PGN: TLR2: TLR6
--
e33
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m33
0
infinite
0
--
LTA: TLR2: TLR6
--
e34
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m34
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m35
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9 ligand
--
e36
cso30:c:Protein
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m36
0
infinite
0
--
TLR9 ligand: TLR9
--
e37
cso30:c:Complex
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
csml-variable:Double
m37
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m38
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m39
0
infinite
0
--
--
e4
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m4
0
infinite
0
--
csml-variable:Double
m40
0
infinite
0
--
--
e50
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelopeLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m50
0
infinite
0
--
--
e51
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearPore
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m51
0
infinite
0
--
--
e52
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearInnerMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m52
0
infinite
0
--
--
e53
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearLumen
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m53
0
infinite
0
--
--
e54
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearOuterMembrane
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m54
0
infinite
0
--
--
e55
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m55
0
infinite
0
--
--
e56
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m56
0
infinite
0
--
--
e57
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearBody
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m57
0
infinite
0
--
--
e58
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Nucleolus
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m58
0
infinite
0
--
--
e59
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearEnvelope
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m59
0
infinite
0
--
--
e60
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Chromatin
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m60
0
infinite
0
--
--
e61
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearChromosome
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m61
0
infinite
0
--
--
e62
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_NuclearCentromere
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m62
0
infinite
0
--
--
e7
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m7
0
infinite
0
--
--
e8
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cell_WithoutCellWall_
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m8
0
infinite
0
--
--
e9
cso30:c:EntityBiologicalCompartment
cso30:i:CC_Cytoplasm
--
--
--
csml-variable:Double
m9
0
infinite
0
--
p1
p1
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c1 : 1
stoichiometry:c3 : 1
stoichiometry:c2 : 1
m6*m3985*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 16506285 activation of TLR4 by S-form LPS requires the cooperation of accessory proteins (CD14, LBP), while R-form LPS can trigger the TLR4/MD-2 directly.
p10
p10
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c27 : 1
stoichiometry:c32 : 1
stoichiometry:c28 : 1
m2053*m21*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12165484 In addition to the IL-12-dependent pathway, we reported the existence of a further, IL-12-independent pathway of IFN-gamma induction based on activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 by IFN-alpha/beta and IL-18 signaling.
p11
p11
cso30:i:ME_UnknownActivation
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c29 : 1
stoichiometry:c31 : 1
stoichiometry:c30 : 1
m16692*m19*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12165484 In addition to the IL-12-dependent pathway, we reported the existence of a further, IL-12-independent pathway of IFN-gamma induction based on activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 by IFN-alpha/beta and IL-18 signaling.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c33 : 1
stoichiometry:c34 : 1
m20*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12165484 In addition to the IL-12-dependent pathway, we reported the existence of a further, IL-12-independent pathway of IFN-gamma induction based on activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 by IFN-alpha/beta and IL-18 signaling.
p13
p13
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_InternalSideOfPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c36 : 1
stoichiometry:c37 : 1
stoichiometry:c35 : 1
stoichiometry:c38 : 1
m1572*m12*m43675*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12872135, 16924467 LPS induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha or IL-6 via TLR4 requires the assistance of the adapter proteins MyD88 and TRIF, in association with Mal and TRAM, respectively, whereby the induction of IFN-alpha/beta is MyD88/Mal independent.
p14
p14
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c39 : 1
stoichiometry:c40 : 1
stoichiometry:c42 : 1
stoichiometry:c41 : 1
m12*m19005*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12872135, 16924467 LPS induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha or IL-6 via TLR4 requires the assistance of the adapter proteins MyD88 and TRIF, in association with Mal and TRAM, respectively, whereby the induction of IFN-alpha/beta is MyD88/Mal independent.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c45 : 1
stoichiometry:c43 : 1
m22*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12872135, 16924467 LPS induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha or IL-6 via TLR4 requires the assistance of the adapter proteins MyD88 and TRIF, in association with Mal and TRAM, respectively, whereby the induction of IFN-alpha/beta is MyD88/Mal independent.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c46 : 1
stoichiometry:c44 : 1
m23*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12872135, 16924467 LPS induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha or IL-6 via TLR4 requires the assistance of the adapter proteins MyD88 and TRIF, in association with Mal and TRAM, respectively, whereby the induction of IFN-alpha/beta is MyD88/Mal independent.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c48 : 1
stoichiometry:c50 : 1
m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12872135, 16924467 LPS induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha or IL-6 via TLR4 requires the assistance of the adapter proteins MyD88 and TRIF, in association with Mal and TRAM, respectively, whereby the induction of IFN-alpha/beta is MyD88/Mal independent.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c47 : 1
stoichiometry:c49 : 1
m12*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12872135, 16924467 LPS induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha or IL-6 via TLR4 requires the assistance of the adapter proteins MyD88 and TRIF, in association with Mal and TRAM, respectively, whereby the induction of IFN-alpha/beta is MyD88/Mal independent.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c51 : 1
stoichiometry:c52 : 1
stoichiometry:c62 : 1
m25*m18*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 16924467 LP, depending on their chemical structure, are ligands of the heterodimeric surface receptors TLR2/TLR6 or TLR2/TLR1.
p2
p2
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c4 : 1
stoichiometry:c5 : 1
stoichiometry:c6 : 1
m6254*m2828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 16506285 activation of TLR4 by S-form LPS requires the cooperation of accessory proteins (CD14, LBP), while R-form LPS can trigger the TLR4/MD-2 directly.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c53 : 1
stoichiometry:c54 : 1
stoichiometry:c63 : 1
m25*m155701*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 10549626, 10588727 The cytokine responses to S. aureus were suggested earlier to be TLR2 dependent, since peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid isolated from this micro-organism were shown to trigger this receptor.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c55 : 1
stoichiometry:c56 : 1
stoichiometry:c65 : 1
m26*m18*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 16924467 LP, depending on their chemical structure, are ligands of the heterodimeric surface receptors TLR2/TLR6 or TLR2/TLR1.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c59 : 1
stoichiometry:c67 : 1
stoichiometry:c68 : 1
m26*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 10549626, 10588727 The cytokine responses to S. aureus were suggested earlier to be TLR2 dependent, since peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid isolated from this micro-organism were shown to trigger this receptor.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c57 : 1
stoichiometry:c58 : 1
stoichiometry:c66 : 1
m26*m155701*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 10549626, 10588727 The cytokine responses to S. aureus were suggested earlier to be TLR2 dependent, since peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid isolated from this micro-organism were shown to trigger this receptor.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c60 : 1
stoichiometry:c61 : 1
stoichiometry:c64 : 1
m25*m28*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 10549626, 10588727 The cytokine responses to S. aureus were suggested earlier to be TLR2 dependent, since peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid isolated from this micro-organism were shown to trigger this receptor.
p25
p25
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c69 : 1
stoichiometry:c74 : 1
stoichiometry:c70 : 1
m3965*m119368*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 Since TRIF function is absolutely necessary for TLR3 signaling, our findings indicate that the role of TLR3 in the recognition of dsRNA had been overestimated in the past.
p26
p26
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c71 : 1
stoichiometry:c73 : 1
stoichiometry:c72 : 1
m19314*m18998*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 Since TRIF function is absolutely necessary for TLR3 signaling, our findings indicate that the role of TLR3 in the recognition of dsRNA had been overestimated in the past.
p27
p27
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c78 : 1
stoichiometry:c76 : 1
m19305*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 priming with P. acnes enhanced only moderately the TNF-alpha and IL-6 responses to dsRNA and caused no enhancement of the IFN-alpha/beta response.
p28
p28
cso30:i:ME_GeneExpression
cso30:i:CC_Nucleoplasm
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c77 : 1
stoichiometry:c75 : 1
m19305*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 priming with P. acnes enhanced only moderately the TNF-alpha and IL-6 responses to dsRNA and caused no enhancement of the IFN-alpha/beta response.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c84 : 1
stoichiometry:c79 : 1
m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 184066367, 16730994 the cytoplasmic melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (mda-5) is the dominant receptor mediating the IFN-alpha/beta responses to dsRNA.
p3
p3
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c7 : 1
stoichiometry:c8 : 1
stoichiometry:c9 : 1
m3961*m6438*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 11500507, 17803912 In this function, TLR4 is aided by the LPS recognition protein MD (myeloid differentiation protein)-2.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c85 : 1
stoichiometry:c80 : 1
m35*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 184066367, 16730994 the cytoplasmic melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (mda-5) is the dominant receptor mediating the IFN-alpha/beta responses to dsRNA.
p31
p31
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Cytosol
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c81 : 1
stoichiometry:c82 : 1
stoichiometry:c83 : 1
m119368*m76904*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 184066367, 16730994 the cytoplasmic melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (mda-5) is the dominant receptor mediating the IFN-alpha/beta responses to dsRNA.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c86 : 1
stoichiometry:c87 : 1
stoichiometry:c88 : 1
m36*m19828*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 induction of mRNA for IL-12p40, IL-12p35, IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2 was also absent in the liver of TLR9¡Ý/¡Ý mice, 3 days after P. acnes treatment.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c93 : 1
stoichiometry:c89 : 1
m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 induction of mRNA for IL-12p40, IL-12p35, IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2 was also absent in the liver of TLR9¡Ý/¡Ý mice, 3 days after P. acnes treatment.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c94 : 1
stoichiometry:c90 : 1
m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 induction of mRNA for IL-12p40, IL-12p35, IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2 was also absent in the liver of TLR9¡Ý/¡Ý mice, 3 days after P. acnes treatment.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c95 : 1
stoichiometry:c91 : 1
m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 induction of mRNA for IL-12p40, IL-12p35, IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2 was also absent in the liver of TLR9¡Ý/¡Ý mice, 3 days after P. acnes treatment.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c96 : 1
stoichiometry:c92 : 1
m37*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367 induction of mRNA for IL-12p40, IL-12p35, IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2 was also absent in the liver of TLR9¡Ý/¡Ý mice, 3 days after P. acnes treatment.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c10 : 1
stoichiometry:c11 : 1
stoichiometry:c12 : 1
m6255*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 15608698, 2402637, 1698311 The activation of TLR4 is assisted further by the plasma protein LBP (LPS-binding protein). PMID: 18406367 According to the current consensus, recognition of LPS by cells of the innate immune system proceeds via the LPS receptor complex, which, in addition to the signaling subunit TLR4, consists of recognition subunits MD-2 and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored CD14 (mCD14).
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c13 : 1
stoichiometry:c14 : 1
stoichiometry:c15 : 1
m5*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 16506285 activation of TLR4 by S-form LPS requires the cooperation of accessory proteins (CD14, LBP), while R-form LPS can trigger the TLR4/MD-2 directly.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c16 : 1
stoichiometry:c17 : 1
stoichiometry:c18 : 1
m14*m11*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 6714230, 324763 Furthermore, while cells (e.g., macrophages and B cells) carrying murine or human TLR4 can be stimulated with lipid A, only those carrying the murine receptor respond to the lipid A precursor (tetra-acylated lipid A).
p7
p7
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_Extracellular
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c20 : 1
stoichiometry:c19 : 1
stoichiometry:c21 : 1
m2121*m12340*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 9755338, 9620656 The induction of IFN-gamma is complex. Induction by bacteria is dependent on interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18.
p8
p8
cso30:i:ME_Binding
cso30:i:CC_PlasmaMembrane_IntegralToPlasmaMembrane_
--
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c23 : 1
stoichiometry:c22 : 1
stoichiometry:c24 : 1
m1611*m16*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 12165484 In addition to the IL-12-dependent pathway, we reported the existence of a further, IL-12-independent pathway of IFN-gamma induction based on activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 by IFN-alpha/beta and IL-18 signaling.
--
and
mass
coefficient1:0.1
coefficient2:1.0
stoichiometry:c25 : 1
stoichiometry:c26 : 1
m17*0.1
nodelay
--
0
PMID: 18406367, 9755338, 9620656 The induction of IFN-gamma is complex. Induction by bacteria is dependent on interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18.
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:OutputProcess
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--
cso30:c:InputAssociation
threshold
--
0
1,
--